Urang Cino Han

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Urang Cino Han
汉族/漢族
汉人/漢人
Total populasi
Labiah kurang 1,3 milyar[1]
Kawasan jo populasi nan signifikan
 Cino daratan 1.268.375.111[2]
Bendera Makau Makau 663.400[3]
Bendera Hong Kong Hong Kong 6.723.786[4]
Bendera Republik Cina Taiwan 23.575.365[rujuakan?]
Cino parantauan (dek katurunan)
 Thailand 9.392.987[5]
 Malaysia 6.650.009[6]
 Amerika Sarikat 3.795.007[7]
 Indonesia 2.833.134[8]
 Singapura 2.547.000[9]
 Myanmar 1.638.000[10]
 Kanada 1.469.000[11]
 Filipina 1.350.000[12][paralu sumber labiah rancak]
 Australia 1.214.000[13]
 Rusia 998.000[14]
 Vietnam 823.000[15]
 Japang 731.000[16]
 Parancih 700.000[14]
 Venezuela 450.000[17]
 Imperium Baritania Rayo 433.000[18]
 Peru 375.954[19]
 Afrika Salatan 350.000[20]
 Itali 334.000[21]
 Jerman 212.000[22]
 Korea Salatan 210.000[23][24]
 Kamboja 210.000[25]
 Laos 186.000[14]
 Spanyol 172.000[26]
 Selandia Baru 171.000[27]
 Brasil 152.000[14]
 Balando 145.000[14]
 Panama 135.000[28][29]
 Meksiko 70.000[30]
 Kosta Rika 19.000[31]
 Republik Irlandia 11.000[32]
Bahaso
Cino
Agamo
Sabagian gadang indak baragamo, Mahayana, kapicayoan tradisional Cino (tamasuak Taoisme, panyambahan laluhua, Konghucu, jo lain-lain), sarato minoritas mamaluak Kristen jo agamo-agamo lain.[33]
Kalompok etnis takaik
Urang Sino-Tibetan
Catatan kaki
Babarapo sumber marujuak urang Cino Han lansuang sabagai "Cino" atau mangalompokannyo jo urang-urang Sino-Tibetan.

Urang Cino Han,[34][35][36] Hanzu,[37][38][39] atau urang Han,[40][41][42][43] (UK /hæn/;[44] US /haːn/;[45] (Cino)[46] or (Cino)),[47][48] adolah suatu kalompok etnis jo bangso Asia Timua nan marupoan panduduak asali Cino.[49][50][51][52][53] Kalompok etnis iko adalah nan tagadang di dunia, mancapai labiah kurang 18% dari populasi dunia.[54][55] Dipakiroan kini lai ado 1,3 milyar urang Cino Han, nan sabagian gadang tingga di Cino Daratan (kiro-kiro 91,6% dari populasinyo).[2] Di Taiwan, urang Cino Han mambantuak 95% dari populasinyo.[56][57] Urang bakaturunan Cino Han mancapai sakita 75% dari total populasi Singapura.[58]

Urang Cino Han mangaku baso asa niniak muyangnyo iolah dari Huaxia, suatu pasakutuan kalompok suku-suku patani nan iduik manatap di pasisia Sungai Kuniang (Huang He).[59][60] Istilah Huaxia bapakai untuak manggambaan pasakutuan suku-suku patani Hua jo Xia pado maso Neolitikum nan manatap di Dataran Tangah, yaitu sakita bagian tangah jo ilia dari aliaran Sungai Kuniang di utara Cino.[61][62][63][60] Kaduo suku itulah nan diakui sabagai niniak muyang dari urang Cino Han moderen nan kudian maasiakan kabudayaan Cino. Salain itu, istilah Huaxia (arati harafiah: "urang Xia nan beradab") bapakai sacaro kusuih untuak manyabuik kalompok-kalompok etnis nan dianggap beradab, untuak mambedoan jo kalompok-kalompok lain nan dianggap urang barbar nan bamukim di sakitanyo.[64][62][65]

Dinasti Han dianggap sabagai salah satu era gadang partamo dalam sajarah Cino, dek karano manjadian Cino sabagai kakuatan regional utamo di Asia Timur jo banyak mampangaruahi nagara-nagara tatanggonyo, bahkan sampai manyaingi Kakaisaran Romawi dalam ukuaran populasi jo laweh geografisnyo.[66][67][68] Gensi jo kaunggualan Dinasti Han mampangaruahi banyak kalompok Huaxia kuno untuak muloi manyabuik dirinyo surang sabagai "Urang Han".[64][69][70][71][72] Urang-urang Cino Han sajak itu manjadian namo dinasti iko sabagai namo etnisnyo, sarato uruf nan inyo pakai dinamoan juo "uruf Han".[66][73][71]

Rujuakan[suntiang | suntiang sumber]

  1. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–95. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8. https://books.google.com/?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ. 
  2. ↑ a b CIA Factbook: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,384,688,986 billion (July 2018 est.)
  3. ↑ 2018 Demographics
  4. ↑ Place of birth 2016 Hong Kong census
  5. ↑ Barbara A. Peru (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, p. 794, ISBN 1-4381-1913-5.
  6. ↑ "Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal". https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09. 
  7. ↑ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table. Diakses pado 19 Januari 2014. 
  8. ↑ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk, 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 19 Pebruari 2011. ISBN 978-979-064-417-5. http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html. 
  9. ↑ "Home". http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf. Diakses pado 21 Oktober 2015. 
  10. ↑ "The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. Diakses pado 17 Pebruari 2016. 
  11. ↑ Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. "Population by Ethnic Origin by Province". Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/population/population-2011-census/population-ethnic-origin-province. Diakses pado 17 Pebruari 2016. 
  12. ↑ Senate of the Philippines (January 21, 2013). Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday. Siaran pers. Diakses pado 2016-07-29.
  13. ↑ "Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036. Diakses pado 31 Oktober 2018. 
  14. ↑ a b c d e "The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population". http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B. Diakses pado 23 September 2016. 
  15. ↑ "Population and Employment". General Statistics Office Of Vietnam. 13 Nopember 2010. Diarsipan dari nan asli pada 13 Nopember 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153318/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815. 
  16. ↑ "平成29年度末在留外国人確定値" (dalam bahaso ja). Ministry of Justice. 13 April 2018. http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf. Diakses pado 13 April 2018. [paralu sumber labiah rancak]
  17. ↑ "Población china en Venezuela". 1 Januari 2019. https://gabrielsanz91.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/chinos_venezuela/. Diakses pado 7 Januari 2019. 
  18. ↑ "2011 Census: Ethnic group. local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. 11 Oktober 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls. Diakses pado 13 April 2015. 
  19. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html
  20. ↑ Park, Yoon Jung (2009). Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa – New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-904710-81-3. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf. Diakses pado 20 September 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Cittadini Non Comunitari: Presenza, Nuovi Ingressi e Acquisizioni di Cittadinanza: Anni 2015–2016". http://www.istat.it/it/files/2016/09/Cittadini-non-comunitari_2016.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari++-+29%2Fset%2F2016+-+Testo+integrale+e+nota+metodologica.pdf. Diakses pado 12 Desember 2017. 
  22. ↑ "BiB – Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung – Pressemitteilungen – Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt" (dalam bahaso de). http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html. Diakses pado 12 Desember 2017. 
  23. ↑ Dari 710.000 warganagara Cino nan iduik di Korea taun 2016, 500.000 adolah etnis Korea.
  24. ↑ "Foreign national population in Korea up more than 40% in 5 yrs". 8 September 2016. https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=638478. Diakses pado 10 Mai 2018. 
  25. ↑ "Chinese living in Kingdom more than doubles since '17". 14 September 2018. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chinese-living-kingdom-more-doubles-17. Diakses pado 15 September 2018. 
  26. ↑ "Cifras de Población a 1 de enero de 2016 : Estadística de Migraciones 2015 : Adquisiciones de Nacionalidad Española de Residentes 2015" (dalam bahaso es). http://www.ine.es/prensa/np980.pdf. Diakses pado 12 Desember 2017. 
  27. ↑ "2013 New Zealand Census". http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/asian.aspx. Diakses pado 13 Mai 2018. 
  28. ↑ [1] Archived December 4, 2008, di Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ "Little China in Belgrade ", BBC News, 12 Pebruari 2001. Diakses pado 4 Mai 2010.
  30. ↑ "Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico ", 23 Nopember 2012. Diakses pado 8 Oktober 2017.
  31. ↑ "X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011, Características Sociales y Demográficas". 1 Juli 2012. p. 61. http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/inec_institucional/estadisticas/resultados/repoblaccenso2011-12.pdf.pdf. Diakses pado 22 September 2016. "Cuadro 23. Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia, zona y sexo. Chino(a) 9,170" 
  32. ↑ [2] Archived October 16, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 Archived 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine.. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, ISSN 2192-9289.
  34. ↑ Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). China: A Religious State. Columbia University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-231-15920-3. 
  35. ↑ Yang, Miaoyan (2017). Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu. Lexington Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4985-4463-4. 
  36. ↑ Who are the Chinese people? Templat:In lang. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.
  37. ↑ Joniak-Luthi, Agnieszka (2015). The Han: China's Diverse Majority. University of Washington Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-295-80597-9. 
  38. ↑ Chow, Kai-wing (2001). Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia. University of Michigan Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-472-06735-0. 
  39. ↑ Rawski, Evelyn (2001). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. 
  40. ↑ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Pentagon Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-81-8274-611-4. 
  41. ↑ Fairbank, John K. (1983). The Cambridge History of China Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-05479-9. http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139054799. Diakses pado 20 Mai 2016. 
  42. ↑ Wen (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature 431 (7006): 302–05. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. Bibcode: 2004Natur.431..302W. 
  43. ↑ Stix, Gary (2008). "Traces of a Distant Past" Scientific American, July: 56–63.
  44. ↑ "Han definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/han. Diakses pado 12 Juni 2018. 
  45. ↑ "Han". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  46. ↑ Kim, Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8047-7364-5. https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC. Diakses pado 20 Mai 2016. 
  47. ↑ Xiaobing Li; Patrick Fuliang Shan (2015). Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance. Lexington Books. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4985-0729-5. 
  48. ↑ Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. Stanford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. 
  49. ↑ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang et al. (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances 3 (2): e1601877. 1 Pebruari 2017. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMID 28164156. PMC 5287702. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/3/2/e1601877.full.pdf. 
  50. ↑ Ang, Khai C.; Ngu Mee S.; Reid P. Katherine; Teh S. Meh; Aida, Zamzuraida; Koh X.R. Danny; Berg, Arthur; Oppenheimer, Stephen et al. (2012). "Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia". PLoS ONE 7 (8): 2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042752. PMID 22912732. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...742752A. 
  51. ↑ Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMID 29636655. PMC 5889524. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs41065-018-0057-5.pdf. 
  52. ↑ Templat:Cite biorxiv
  53. ↑ Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas 155: 19. 6 April 2018. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMID 29636655. 
  54. ↑ Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (February 22, 2007). "Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362 (1482): 987–996. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028. PMID 17317646. 
  55. ↑ Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui et al. (2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago". PLoS ONE 10 (5): e0125676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMID 25938511. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1025676Z. 
  56. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (dalam bahaso zh-TW). 19 Pebruari 2016. http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8. Diakses pado 23 Agustus 2016. "臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%" 
  57. ↑ Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014. p. 36. ISBN 978-986-04-2302-0. http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf. Diakses pado 11 Juni 2016. 
  58. ↑ "Home". Diarsipan dari nan asli pada 16 Pebruari 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf. Diakses pado 14 Pebruari 2016. 
  59. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2015). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-61069-017-1. 
  60. ↑ a b Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region. Booksmango. pp. 13–14. 
  61. ↑ Liu, Hong (2017). Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-138-91825-2. 
  62. ↑ a b Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709. ISBN 978-0-674-08846-7. 
  63. ↑ Yuan, Haiwang (2006). The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese. Libraries Unlimited. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-59158-294-6. 
  64. ↑ a b Perkins, Dorothy (1998). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Checkmark Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-8160-2693-7. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202. 
  65. ↑ Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region. Booksmango. p. 14. 
  66. ↑ a b Minahan, James B. (2015). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-61069-017-1. 
  67. ↑ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 119. 
  68. ↑ Kang, David C. (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-231-15319-5. 
  69. ↑ Tanner, Harold Miles (2010). China: a History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009. Hackett Pub Co.. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-60384-204-4. 
  70. ↑ Ueda, Reed (2017). America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places. Greenwood. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4408-2864-5. 
  71. ↑ a b Eno, R.. The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220). Indiana University Press. p. 1. http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf. 
  72. ↑ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Pentagon Press (dipublikasikan 30 Juni 2012). p. 155. ISBN 978-81-8274-611-4. 
  73. ↑ Schaefer (2008), hlm. 279.
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