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Urang Cino Han

Wikipedia Minangkabau - Lubuak aka tapian ilimu
(Dialiahkan dari Han)
Urang Cino Han
汉族/漢族
汉人/漢人
Total populasi
Labiah kurang 1,3 milyar[1]
Kawasan jo populasi nan signifikan
 Cino daratan 1.268.375.111[2]
Bendera Makau Makau 663.400[3]
Bendera Hong Kong Hong Kong 6.723.786[4]
Bendera Republik Cina Taiwan 23.575.365[rujuakan?]
Cino parantauan (dek katurunan)
 Thailand9.392.987[5]
 Malaysia6.650.009[6]
 Amerika Sarikat3.795.007[7]
 Indonesia2.833.134[8]
 Singapura2.547.000[9]
 Myanmar1.638.000[10]
 Kanada1.469.000[11]
 Filipina1.350.000[12][paralu sumber labiah rancak]
 Australia1.214.000[13]
 Rusia998.000[14]
 Vietnam823.000[15]
 Japang731.000[16]
 Parancih700.000[14]
 Venezuela450.000[17]
 Imperium Baritania Rayo433.000[18]
 Peru375.954[19]
 Afrika Salatan350.000[20]
 Itali334.000[21]
 Jerman212.000[22]
 Korea Salatan210.000[23][24]
 Kamboja210.000[25]
 Laos186.000[14]
 Spanyol172.000[26]
 Selandia Baru171.000[27]
 Brasil152.000[14]
 Balando145.000[14]
 Panama135.000[28][29]
 Meksiko70.000[30]
 Kosta Rika19.000[31]
 Republik Irlandia11.000[32]
Bahaso
Cino
Agamo
Sabagian gadang indak baragamo, Mahayana, kapicayoan tradisional Cino (tamasuak Taoisme, panyambahan laluhua, Konghucu, jo lain-lain), sarato minoritas mamaluak Kristen jo agamo-agamo lain.[33]
Kalompok etnis takaik
Urang Sino-Tibetan
Catatan kaki
Babarapo sumber marujuak urang Cino Han lansuang sabagai "Cino" atau mangalompokannyo jo urang-urang Sino-Tibetan.

Urang Cino Han,[34][35][36] Hanzu,[37][38][39] atau urang Han,[40][41][42][43] (UK /hæn/;[44] US /haːn/;[45] (Cino)[46] or (Cino)),[47][48] adolah suatu kalompok etnis jo bangso Asia Timua nan marupoan panduduak asali Cino.[49][50][51][52][53] Kalompok etnis iko adalah nan tagadang di dunia, mancapai labiah kurang 18% dari populasi dunia.[54][55] Dipakiroan kini lai ado 1,3 milyar urang Cino Han, nan sabagian gadang tingga di Cino Daratan (kiro-kiro 91,6% dari populasinyo).[2] Di Taiwan, urang Cino Han mambantuak 95% dari populasinyo.[56][57] Urang bakaturunan Cino Han mancapai sakita 75% dari total populasi Singapura.[58]

Urang Cino Han mangaku baso asa niniak muyangnyo iolah dari Huaxia, suatu pasakutuan kalompok suku-suku patani nan iduik manatap di pasisia Sungai Kuniang (Huang He).[59][60] Istilah Huaxia bapakai untuak manggambaan pasakutuan suku-suku patani Hua jo Xia pado maso Neolitikum nan manatap di Dataran Tangah, yaitu sakita bagian tangah jo ilia dari aliaran Sungai Kuniang di utara Cino.[61][62][63][60] Kaduo suku itulah nan diakui sabagai niniak muyang dari urang Cino Han moderen nan kudian maasiakan kabudayaan Cino. Salain itu, istilah Huaxia (arati harafiah: "urang Xia nan beradab") bapakai sacaro kusuih untuak manyabuik kalompok-kalompok etnis nan dianggap beradab, untuak mambedoan jo kalompok-kalompok lain nan dianggap urang barbar nan bamukim di sakitanyo.[64][62][65]

Dinasti Han dianggap sabagai salah satu era gadang partamo dalam sajarah Cino, dek karano manjadian Cino sabagai kakuatan regional utamo di Asia Timur jo banyak mampangaruahi nagara-nagara tatanggonyo, bahkan sampai manyaingi Kakaisaran Romawi dalam ukuaran populasi jo laweh geografisnyo.[66][67][68] Gensi jo kaunggualan Dinasti Han mampangaruahi banyak kalompok Huaxia kuno untuak muloi manyabuik dirinyo surang sabagai "Urang Han".[64][69][70][71][72] Urang-urang Cino Han sajak itu manjadian namo dinasti iko sabagai namo etnisnyo, sarato uruf nan inyo pakai dinamoan juo "uruf Han".[66][73][71]

Rujuakan

[suntiang | suntiang sumber]
  1. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–95. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8. https://books.google.com/?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ. 
  2. ↑ a b CIA Factbook Archived 2016-10-11 di Wayback Machine.: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,384,688,986 billion (July 2018 est.)
  3. ↑ 2018 Demographics
  4. ↑ Place of birth Archived 2019-11-12 di Wayback Machine. 2016 Hong Kong census
  5. ↑ Barbara A. Peru (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, p. 794, ISBN 1-4381-1913-5.
  6. ↑ "Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-12. 
  7. ↑ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information". United States Census Bureau. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2014. 
  8. ↑ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk, 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 8 Nopember 2011. ISBN 978-979-064-417-5. http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html. 
  9. ↑ "Home" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-21. 
  10. ↑ "The World Factbook". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 October 2010. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2016. 
  11. ↑ Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. "Population by Ethnic Origin by Province". Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2016. 
  12. ↑ Senate of the Philippines (January 21, 2013). Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday. Siaran pers. Diakses pado 2016-07-29.
  13. ↑ "Australia". 2016 Census QuickStats. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 October 2018. Diakses tanggal 31 October 2018. 
  14. ↑ a b c d e "The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population". Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 January 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2016. 
  15. ↑ "Population and Employment". General Statistics Office Of Vietnam. 13 November 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2010. 
  16. ↑ "平成29年度末在留外国人確定値" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Jepang). Ministry of Justice. 2018-04-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2018-04-13.  [paralu sumber labiah rancak]
  17. ↑ "Población china en Venezuela". January 2019. Diakses tanggal 7 January 2019. 
  18. ↑ "2011 Census: Ethnic group. local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. 11 October 2013. Diakses tanggal 13 April 2015. 
  19. ↑ "archive copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-14. 
  20. ↑ Park, Yoon Jung (2009). Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa – New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-904710-81-3. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf. Diakses pado 20 September 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Cittadini Non Comunitari: Presenza, Nuovi Ingressi e Acquisizioni di Cittadinanza: Anni 2015–2016" (PDF). Istat.it. Diakses tanggal 12 December 2017. 
  22. ↑ "BiB – Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung – Pressemitteilungen – Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". Bib-demografiie.de (dalam bahasa Jerman). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 December 2017. 
  23. ↑ Dari 710.000 warganagara Cino nan iduik di Korea taun 2016, 500.000 adolah etnis Korea.
  24. ↑ "Foreign national population in Korea up more than 40% in 5 yrs". Maeil Business News Korea. 8 September 2016. Diakses tanggal 10 Mai 2018. 
  25. ↑ "Chinese living in Kingdom more than doubles since '17". 2018-09-14. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2018. 
  26. ↑ "Cifras de Población a 1 de enero de 2016 : Estadística de Migraciones 2015 : Adquisiciones de Nacionalidad Española de Residentes 2015" (PDF). Ine.es (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diakses tanggal 12 December 2017. 
  27. ↑ "2013 New Zealand Census". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 15, 2019. Diakses tanggal May 13, 2018. 
  28. ↑ [1] Archived December 4, 2008, di Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ "Little China in Belgrade". BBC News. 2001-02-12. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-04. 
  30. ↑ "Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Nov 23, 2012. Diakses tanggal Oct 8, 2017. 
  31. ↑ "X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011, Características Sociales y Demográficas" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica. July 2012. hlm. 61. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 June 2018. Diakses tanggal 22 September 2016. Cuadro 23. Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia, zona y sexo. Chino(a) 9,170 
  32. ↑ [2] Archived October 16, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 Archived 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine.. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, ISSN 2192-9289.
  34. ↑ Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). China: A Religious State. Columbia University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-231-15920-3. 
  35. ↑ Yang, Miaoyan (2017). Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu. Lexington Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4985-4463-4. 
  36. ↑ Who are the Chinese people? Lua error in Modul:In_lang at line 40: attempt to call local 'name_from_tag' (a nil value).. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.
  37. ↑ Joniak-Luthi, Agnieszka (2015). The Han: China's Diverse Majority. University of Washington Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-295-80597-9. 
  38. ↑ Chow, Kai-wing (2001). Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia. University of Michigan Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-472-06735-0. 
  39. ↑ Rawski, Evelyn (2001). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. 
  40. ↑ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Pentagon Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-81-8274-611-4. 
  41. ↑ Fairbank, John K. (1983). The Cambridge History of China Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-05479-9. http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139054799. Diakses pado 20 Mai 2016. 
  42. ↑ Wen; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. 431 (7006): 302–05. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. 
  43. ↑ Stix, Gary (2008). "Traces of a Distant Past" Scientific American, July: 56–63.
  44. ↑ "Han definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-12. 
  45. ↑ "Han". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  46. ↑ Kim, Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8047-7364-5. https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC. Diakses pado 20 Mai 2016. 
  47. ↑ Xiaobing Li; Patrick Fuliang Shan (2015). Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance. Lexington Books. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4985-0729-5. 
  48. ↑ Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. Stanford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. 
  49. ↑ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago" (PDF). Science Advances (dipublikasikan tanggal February 1, 2017). 3 (2): e1601877. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 28164156. 
  50. ↑ Ang, Khai C.; Ngu Mee S.; Reid P. Katherine; Teh S. Meh; Aida, Zamzuraida; Koh X.R. Danny; Berg, Arthur; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Salleh, Hood; Clyde M. Mahani; ZainMd M. Badrul; Canfield A. Victor; Cheng C. Keith (2012). "Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia". PLoS ONE. 7 (8): 2. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742752A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042752. PMC 3418284 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 22912732. 
  51. ↑ Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations" (PDF). Hereditas. 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29636655. 
  52. ↑ Templat:Cite biorxiv
  53. ↑ Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas (dipublikasikan tanggal April 6, 2018). 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29636655. 
  54. ↑ Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (February 22, 2007). "Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1482): 987–996. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028. PMC 2435565 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 17317646. 
  55. ↑ Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago". PLoS ONE. 10 (5): e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMC 4418768 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 25938511. 
  56. ↑ 中華民國國情簡介 [ROC Vital Information]. Executive Yuan (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-18. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-23. 臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97% 
  57. ↑ Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014. p. 36. ISBN 978-986-04-2302-0. http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf. Diakses pado 11 Juni 2016. 
  58. ↑ "Home" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-14. 
  59. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2015). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-61069-017-1. 
  60. ↑ a b Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region. Booksmango. pp. 13–14. 
  61. ↑ Liu, Hong (2017). Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-138-91825-2. 
  62. ↑ a b Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 709. ISBN 978-0-674-08846-7. 
  63. ↑ Yuan, Haiwang (2006). The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese. Libraries Unlimited. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-59158-294-6. 
  64. ↑ a b Perkins, Dorothy (1998). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Checkmark Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-8160-2693-7. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202. 
  65. ↑ Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region. Booksmango. p. 14. 
  66. ↑ a b Minahan, James B. (2015). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-61069-017-1. 
  67. ↑ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 119. 
  68. ↑ Kang, David C. (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-231-15319-5. 
  69. ↑ Tanner, Harold Miles (2010). China: a History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009. Hackett Pub Co.. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-60384-204-4. 
  70. ↑ Ueda, Reed (2017). America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places. Greenwood. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4408-2864-5. 
  71. ↑ a b Eno, R. "The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)" (PDF). Indiana University Press: 1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-07-11. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-24. 
  72. ↑ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Pentagon Press (dipublikasikan 30 Juni 2012). p. 155. ISBN 978-81-8274-611-4. 
  73. ↑ Schaefer (2008), hlm. 279.
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