Madrasah

Madrasah ( Arab: مدرسة [maˈdrasah] ( dengar), jamak مدارس, madāris) adolah ciek kato dalam bahaso Arab nan bapakai untuak manyabuik babagai jinih lambago pandidiakan, nan umum atau kaagamoan (dari agamo apopun), baiak untuak pandidiakan dasa maupun pandidiakan tinggi. Di nagara-nagara di lua dunia Arab, kato tasabuik biasonyo bapakai kusuihnyo untuak manyabuik jinih sikola agamo atau paguruan tinggi nan mampalajari agamo Islam, walaupun mungkin sajo iko indak manjadi satu-satunyo mato palajaran nan dipalajari.

Dalam konteks arsitektur dan sijarah, istilah iko sacaro umum bapakai untuak manyabuik jinih institusi tatantu dalam sijarah dunia Islam nan tarutamo mangajaan hukum (syariah) jo yurisprudensi (fiqih) Islam, sarato mato palajaran lainnyo pado wakatu tatantu. Asa mulo lambago samacam iko umumnyo diakui barasa dari ide Nizam al-Mulk, surang wazir tanamo dari Kasultanan Seljuk pado abaik ka-11, nan batangguang jawaik dalam mambangun jaringan madrasah rasmi partamo nan tadapek di Iran, Mesopotamia, jo Khorasan. Dari sinan, pambangunan madrasah kudian taseba di sabagian gadang dunia Islam salamo babarapo abaik barikuiknyo, nan acok bana maniru model desain arsitektur nan sarupo.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Etimologi

Kato madrasah barasa dari aka kato trikonsonantal kuno dari bahaso Semit د-ر-س D-R-S 'baraja, mangkaji', manggunoan wazn (bantuak morfologi atau templat) مفعل (ة); mafʻal(ah), aratinyo "tampek di mano sasuatu dilakuan". Jadi, madrasah sacaro harfiah baarti "tampek di mano baraja jo mangkaji tajadi" atau "tampek untuak baraja".^[4]^[5]^[1] Kato iko muncua juo sabagai kato pinjaman nan sacaro umum aratinyo samo dalam banyak bahaso nan tapangaruah dek bahaso Arab, sarupo: Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, Pashto, Baluchi, Persia, Turki, Azeri, Kurdi, Indonesia, Somalia, jo Bosnia.^[6]^[7]

Sijarah

Sijarah awa

Pado maso awa sijarah Islam, pangajaran umumnyo labiah banyak dilakuan di musajik daripado di tampek lain. Walaupun babarapo musajik gadang maso awa sarupo Musajik Aguang Damaskus atau Musajik Amru bin al-Ash di Kairo mampunyoi ruangan-ruangan tapisah nan kusuih bapakai untuak baraja, pabedoan antaro "musajik" jo "madrasah" alun talalu taliek.^[3] Sacaro kusuih, Al-Qarawiyyin (Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn) nan didirian pado taun 859 di kota Fes, Maroko kini, dapeklah dipandang sabagai universitas nan tatuo di dunia manuruik sabagian panaliti,^[8] meskipun pamakaian istilah "universitas" untuak institusi Islam pado abaik patangahan dapek dipadebaikan.^[9]^[10] Manuruik tradisi, musajik Al-Qarawiyyin didirian dek Fāṭimah al-Fihrī, putri surang saudagar kayo banamo Muḥammad al-Fihrī. Satalah iko kudian badiri pulo Musajik Al-Azhar dek Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah pado 969–970 di Kairo, awanyo sabagai pusek untuak dakwah ajaran Syiah Isma'iliyah, tapi kudian manjadi lambago Sunni di bawah pamarentahan Kakhalifahan Ayyubiyah (kini manjadi Universitas Al-Azhar).^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Pakambangan madrasah formal

Pado akia abaik ka-11, salamo periode akia Kakhalifahan ʻAbbāsiyah, wazir Seljuk Niẓām al-Mulk manciptakan salah satu lambago pandidiakan rasmi gadang partamo nan tanamo dalam sijarah yaitu Madrasah Niẓāmīyah, nan badasa pado majelis informal (dari kuliah para syaikh). Niẓām al-Mulk manciptakan sistem madrasah nagara (pado maso tu disabuik jo namo Niẓāmiyyah, badasar namonyo) di babagai kota Seljuk jo ʻAbbāsiyah pado akia abaik ka-11, nan taseba mulai dari Mesopotamia sampai ka Khorasan.^[3]^[1] Walaupun lambago sajinih madrasah tampaknyo alah ado di Iran sabalun Nizam al-Mulk, periode iko dipandang dek banyak urang sabagai titiak awa bakambangnyo madrasah formal di saluruah dunia Islam, nan diadaptasi jo digunoan dek samonyo ampek mazhab Sunni sarato jo tarekat-tarekat Sufi.^[2]^[1]^[3] Salah satu alasan bapakainyo bantuak pandidiakan madrasah iko sacaro malaweh dek para panguaso jo elit Sunni adolah kainginan untuak malawan pangaruah jo panyebaran Syiah pado maso itu, jo caro manggunoan lambago-lambago iko untuak manyebakan ajaran Sunni.^[1]^[3]^[2]

Pandidiakan Islam di madrasah

Istilah "Pandidiakan Islam" baarati pandidiakan manganai Islam itu surang, nan baaka pado ajaran Al-Qur'an - kitab suci umaik Islam. Pandidiakan Islam jo pandidiakan Muslim indaklah samo. Iko karano pandidiakan Islam punyo kasatuan epistemologis nan batumpu pado tauhid - yaitu Kesaan Tuhan atau monotheisme.^[15]^[16]

Sabuah sikola Islam biasonyo manawakan duo program studi: program studi ḥifẓ nan mangajakan manghapal Al-Qur'an (surang nan lah dapek manghafal saluruah Al-Qur'an disabuik hāfiẓ); sarato program studi ʻālim (dakwah) nan mangarahan palaja untuak manjadi ulama nan batarimo di masarakaik. Kurikulum reguler maliputi mato palajaran bahaso Arab, tafsir Al-Qur'an, syarak (hukum Islam), hadits (catatan ucapan ja pabuatan Nabi Muhammad), mantiq (logika), jo sijarah Islam. Di Kasultananan Utsmaniyah, salamo periode modern awal, palajaran hadits dipakanalkan dek Sultan Süleyman I.^[17] Bagantuang pado tuntutan pandidiakannyo, babarapo madrasah lai manawakan juo mato palajaran lanjutan dalam sastra Arab, bahaso Inggrih jo bahasa asiang lainnyo, sarato sains jo sijarah dunia. Madrasah Utsmaniyah basamo-samo jo palajaran agamo juo mangajakan "gaya panulisan, tata bahaso, sintaksis, puisi, komposisi, ilmu alam, ilmu politik, jo etiket."^[17]

Rujuakan

Catatan kaki

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bloom, Jonathan M., ed (2009). "Madrasa". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
↑ "madrasah | Origin and meaning of madrasah by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-13.
↑ "TenguGo". www.tengugo.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-13. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
↑ "Madarasaa". WordAnywhere. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-23.
↑ Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". di dalam List, Regina A.. International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer.
↑
samantaro ado juo panaliti lain nan bapandapek baso status itu labiah tapek untuak Universitas al-Qarawiyyin, nan samo didirian juo pado taun 859.
- Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-19-512559-2.
- Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
↑ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264
↑ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):
Indak surang pun maso kini ka mambantah fakta baso universitas, dalam arati istilah nan dipahami sacaro umum saaik iko, adolah ciptaan dari Abaik Patangahan, nan muncua partamo kalinyo antara abaik kaduo baleh jo katigo baleh. Indak diraguan lai baso benar pado paradaban-paradaban lain, nan sabalun atau nan samo sakali tarasiang dari abaik patangahan Barat, sarupo di Kakaisaran Romawi, Bizantium, Islam awa, atau Cino, alah ado suatu bantuak pandidiakan tinggi nan dek sajumlah sijarawan, untuak mamudahan, kadang-kadang digambakan sabagai "universitas". Namun kok diliek labiah taliti, jalehlah baso kanyatoan bantuak kalambagoannyo samo sakali babedo, jo walau apopun nan dikatoan tantang subjek tasabuik, indak ado ubuangan nan nyato jaleh nan dapek mambuek kito dapek mangaitkannyo jo universitas-universitas abaik patangahan di Barat. Sampai ado bukti pasti nan sabaliaknyo, mako universitas-universitas iko aruih dipandang sabagai satu-satunyo sumber model nan sacaro batahap manyeba ka saluruah Eropa, jo kudian ka saluruh dunia. Dek karano itu kami punyo kakawatiran ateh pamastian suatu lambago sabagai nan paliang partamo, nan anyo dapek didefinisikan malalui karangko analisis sijarah kamunculannyo jo caro baoperasinyo dalam suatu kaadoan nan konkret.
↑ Creswell, K.A.C. (1952). The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171. Clarendon Press. pp. 36.
↑ Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 104.
↑ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62.
↑ Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), passim
↑ Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015). A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2).
↑ Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015). Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62.
↑ ^a ^b İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.

Sumber

Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer." Retrieved 2010-11-25.

Bacoan lanjutan

Sultan Ali of Sawabi. Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan (2012)
Ali, Saleem H. "Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas", Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-547672-9
Evans, Alexander. "Understanding Madrasahs", Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2006.
Malik, Jamal (ed.). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
Malik, Jamal. Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.
Rahman, Tariq. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-597863-6. Chapter on "Madrassas".
Tanweer, Bilal. "Revisiting the Madrasa Question". The News International, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan.
Ziad, Waleed. "Madaris in Perspective" di Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from The News, March 21, 2004.
Madrasa Education in India

Pautan lua

Media tantang Madrasah di Wikimedia Commons

Caliak katarangan manganai
madrasah di Wikikato.

[:5-1] Bloom, Jonathan M., ed (2009). "Madrasa". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.

[:3-2] Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.

[:0-3] Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.

[4] "madrasah | Origin and meaning of madrasah by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-13.

[5] "TenguGo". www.tengugo.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-13. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[Word_Any_Where-6] "Madarasaa". WordAnywhere. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-23.

[7] Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". di dalam List, Regina A.. International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer.

[founding-1-8] samantaro ado juo panaliti lain nan bapandapek baso status itu labiah tapek untuak Universitas al-Qarawiyyin, nan samo didirian juo pado taun 859.
Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-19-512559-2.

Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.

[9] Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-19-512559-2.

[10] Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.

[9] Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264

[:4-10] Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):
Indak surang pun maso kini ka mambantah fakta baso universitas, dalam arati istilah nan dipahami sacaro umum saaik iko, adolah ciptaan dari Abaik Patangahan, nan muncua partamo kalinyo antara abaik kaduo baleh jo katigo baleh. Indak diraguan lai baso benar pado paradaban-paradaban lain, nan sabalun atau nan samo sakali tarasiang dari abaik patangahan Barat, sarupo di Kakaisaran Romawi, Bizantium, Islam awa, atau Cino, alah ado suatu bantuak pandidiakan tinggi nan dek sajumlah sijarawan, untuak mamudahan, kadang-kadang digambakan sabagai "universitas". Namun kok diliek labiah taliti, jalehlah baso kanyatoan bantuak kalambagoannyo samo sakali babedo, jo walau apopun nan dikatoan tantang subjek tasabuik, indak ado ubuangan nan nyato jaleh nan dapek mambuek kito dapek mangaitkannyo jo universitas-universitas abaik patangahan di Barat. Sampai ado bukti pasti nan sabaliaknyo, mako universitas-universitas iko aruih dipandang sabagai satu-satunyo sumber model nan sacaro batahap manyeba ka saluruah Eropa, jo kudian ka saluruh dunia. Dek karano itu kami punyo kakawatiran ateh pamastian suatu lambago sabagai nan paliang partamo, nan anyo dapek didefinisikan malalui karangko analisis sijarah kamunculannyo jo caro baoperasinyo dalam suatu kaadoan nan konkret.

[11] Creswell, K.A.C. (1952). The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171. Clarendon Press. pp. 36.

[12] Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 104.

[13] Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62.

[:6-14] Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), passim

[15] Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015). A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2).

[16] Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015). Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62.

[Ottoman-17] İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.

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