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Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for a crime. The sentence ordering that someone is punished with the death penalty is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out such a sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner awaiting their execution is condemned and is "on death row". Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes, capital offences or capital felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against the person such as murder, mass murder, aggravated cases of rape, child rape, child sexual abuse, terrorism, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, along with crimes against the state such as attempting to overthrow government, treason, espionage, sedition, piracy, and aircraft hijacking. Also, in some cases, acts of recidivism, aggravated robbery, and kidnapping, in addition to drug trafficking, drug dealing, and drug possession, are capital crimes or enhancements.

Capital punishment is controversial in several countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union (EU), Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.^[1] The Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, has sought to abolish the use of the death penalty by its members absolutely, through Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, this only affects those member states which have signed and ratified it, and they do not include Armenia, Russia, and Azerbaijan. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, throughout the years from 2007 to 2018,^[2] seven non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition.^[3]

Pamakaian kini

Forty-eight countries retain capital punishment, 108 countries have completely abolished it de jure for all crimes, seven have abolished it for ordinary crimes (while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 28 are abolitionist in practice.^[4] Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where the death penalty is retained, such as China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, as well as in Japan and Taiwan.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Most countries, including almost all First World nations, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice; notable exceptions are the United States, Japan and Taiwan. Additionally, capital punishment is also carried out in China, India, and most Islamic states.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Since World War II, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 48 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 108 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, 7 have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 28 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions.^[16]

According to Amnesty International, 20 countries are known to have performed executions in 2019.^[17]There are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China and North Korea. According to Amnesty International, around 1,000 prisoners were executed in 2017.^[18]

Rujuakan

↑ "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" (PDF). European Union. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 May 2010. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ A Record 120 Nations Adopt UN Death-Penalty Moratorium Resolution, 18 December 2018, Death Penalty Information Center
↑ "moratorium on the death penalty". United Nations. 15 November 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 January 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ "Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries as of July 2018" (PDF). Amnesty International. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2018.
↑ "Death Penalty". Amnesty International. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-23.
↑ "India: Death penalty debate won't die out soon". Asia Times. 13 August 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 August 2004. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ "Indonesian activists face upward death penalty trend". World Coalition against the Death Penalty. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ "Legislators in U.S. state vote to repeal death penalty". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 March 2009. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ "The Death Penality in Japan". International Federation for Human Rights. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 August 2010. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.
↑ Leigh B. Bienen (201). Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America (edisi ke-2). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=vmpEQUhpNXUC&pg=PA143.
↑ Michael H. Tonry (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7MePbzYyZ2YC&pg=PA3.
↑ Elisabeth Reichert (2011). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2LylU2Yp6NYC&pg=PA89.
↑ Russil Durrant (2013). An Introduction to Criminal Psychology. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-136-23434-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=mIpMUpsoy90C&pg=PA268.
↑ Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience. Sage Publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LFOn7rpkVdQC&pg=PA144.
↑ Cliff Roberson (2015). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=oHu9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188.
↑ https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT5066652017ENGLISH.pdf
↑ https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT5018472020ENGLISH.PDF
↑ "Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017". www.aljazeera.com. Diakses tanggal 2018-08-08.

[1] "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" (PDF). European Union. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 May 2010. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[2] A Record 120 Nations Adopt UN Death-Penalty Moratorium Resolution, 18 December 2018, Death Penalty Information Center

[3] "moratorium on the death penalty". United Nations. 15 November 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 January 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[Amnesty2018-4] "Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries as of July 2018" (PDF). Amnesty International. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2018.

[5] "Death Penalty". Amnesty International. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-23.

[6] "India: Death penalty debate won't die out soon". Asia Times. 13 August 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 August 2004. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[7] "Indonesian activists face upward death penalty trend". World Coalition against the Death Penalty. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[8] "Legislators in U.S. state vote to repeal death penalty". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 March 2009. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[9] "The Death Penality in Japan". International Federation for Human Rights. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 August 2010. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2010.

[Bienen2010-10] Leigh B. Bienen (201). Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America (edisi ke-2). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=vmpEQUhpNXUC&pg=PA143.

[Tonry2000-11] Michael H. Tonry (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7MePbzYyZ2YC&pg=PA3.

[Reichert2011-12] Elisabeth Reichert (2011). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2LylU2Yp6NYC&pg=PA89.

[Durrant2013-13] Russil Durrant (2013). An Introduction to Criminal Psychology. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-136-23434-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=mIpMUpsoy90C&pg=PA268.

[BryantPeck2009-14] Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience. Sage Publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LFOn7rpkVdQC&pg=PA144.

[Roberson2015-15] Cliff Roberson (2015). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=oHu9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188.

[16] ttps://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT5066652017ENGLISH.pdf

[17] ttps://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT5018472020ENGLISH.PDF

[18] "Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017". www.aljazeera.com. Diakses tanggal 2018-08-08.

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