Intifadah Patamo
Intifadah Patamo (bahaso Arab: الانتفاضة الأولى) atau dikenal juo sabagai Intifadah Palestina Patamo[1][2] adolah sarangkaian protes, tindakan nan balanjuik ka pambangkangan sipil jo karusuahan nan dilakuan dek panduduak Palestina di wilayah Palestina nan diduduaki dek Israel.[3] Iko dilatar balakangi dek raso frustasi kolektif panduduak Palestina ateh panduduakan militer Israel di Tapi Barat jo Jalur Gaza sajak duo puluah tahun sabalumnyo, akibaik dari Parang Arab-Israel tahun 1967.[4] Pambarontakan ko balansuang dari bulan Desember 1987 hinggo Konferensi Madrid tahun 1991, walaupun ado nan manyimpuannyo hinggo tahun 1993, tahun panandotanganan Pajanjian Oslo.[1]
Intifadah dimulai pado tanggal 9 Desember 1987[5] di kamp pangungsi Jabalia sasudah surang supir oto Israel balantak jo oto sipil, manewasan ampek pakarajo Palestina, tigo di antaronyo baasa dari kamp pangungsi tu.[6][7] Panduduak Palestina manuduah kacalakaan tu disingajo untuak baleh dandam ateh surang Israel nan tabunuah di Gaza babarapo hari sabalumnyo.[8] Israel mambantah kacalakaan tu disingajo. Palestina maresponnyo jo protes, pambangkangan sipil, sarato kakarehan.[9][10] Ado coretan dindiang, barikade,[11][12] jo paambuangan batu sarato bom molotov ka arah tantara Israel jo bangunannyo di Tapi Barat sarato Jalur Gaza. Iko kontras jo upayo-upayo sipil tamasuak pamogokan umum, boikot tahadok limbago-limbago pamarentahan sipil Israel di Jalur Gaza jo Tapi Barat, boikot ekonomi nan tadiri dari manulak untuak mambayia pajak, jo manulak mambaok oto jo lisensi Israel.
Israel maarahan sakitar 80.000 tantara untuak maradam protes. Tindakan balasan Israel, nan awalnyo acok manggunoan paluru tajam dalam karusuahan, dikritik dek Human Rights Watch sabagai tindakan nan indak proporsional, salain panggunoan kakuatan mamatian nan balabiah dek Israel.[13] Dalam 13 bulan patamo, 332 panduduak Palestina jo 12 panduduak Israel tabunuah.[14][15] Salamo 6 tahun Intifadah, tantara Israel alah mambunuah saketeknyo 1.087 panduduak Palestina, 240 diantaronyo anak-anak.[16]
Di antaro panduduak Israel, 100 warga sipil jo 60 tantara tabunuah,[17] acok kali dek pajuang di lua kandali UNLU Intifadah,[18] jo labiah dari 1.400 panduduak Israel jo 1.700 tantara luko-luko.[19] Kakarehan intra-Palestina juo marupokan ciri manonjol dari Intifadah, jo eksekusi nan laweh tahadok sakitar 822 panduduak Palestina nan dituduah sabagai kolaborator Israel (1988–April 1994).[20] Pado wakatu itu Israel malaporan mandapek informasi dari sakitar 18.000 warga Palestina,[21] nan kurang dari satangahnyo tabukti mampunyoi kontak jo Israel.[22] Intifadah Kaduo tajadi dari September 2000 hinggo 2005.
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ a b Nami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian intifadas,' in David Newman, Joel Peters (eds.) Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Routledge, 2013, pp. 56–68, p. 56.
- ↑ Eitan Alimi (9 January 2007). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-203-96126-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=FRSVtzxH_10C&pg=PA1.
- ↑ "Intifada begins on Gaza Strip". History.com. Diakses tanggal 15 February 2020.
- ↑ Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. 5.
- ↑ Edward Said (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation. South End Press. pp. 5–22. ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPVNdzXUJkC&pg=PA5.
- ↑ Berman 2011, hlm. 41.
- ↑ Omer-Man, Michael (4 December 2011). "The accident that sparked an Intifada". The Jerusalem Post. Diakses tanggal 3 September 2011.
- ↑ David McDowall,Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond, University of California Press, 1989 p. 1
- ↑ Ruth Margolies Beitler, The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas, Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.
- ↑ Lustick, Ian S. (1993). Brynen, Rex; Hiltermann, Joost R.; Hudson, Michael C.; Hunter, F. Robert; Lockman, Zachary; Beinin, Joel; McDowall, David; Nassar, Jamal R.; Heacock, Roger, ed. "Writing the Intifada: Collective Action in the Occupied Territories". World Politics. 45 (4): 560–594. doi:10.2307/2950709. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 2950709.
- ↑ "Palestinian intifada". BBC NEWS. Diakses tanggal 3 September 2024.
- ↑ Salem, Walid (2008). "Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005". di dalam den Boer, Monica; de Wilde, Jaap. The Viability of Human Security. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 179–201., on p. 190.
- ↑ "The Israeli Army and the Intifada – Policies that Contribute to the Killings". Human Rights Watch. Diakses tanggal 15 February 2020.
- ↑ Audrey Kurth Cronin 'Endless wars and no surrender,' in Holger Afflerbach, Hew Strachan (eds.) How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender, Oxford University Press 2012 pp. 417–433 p. 426.
- ↑ Wendy Pearlman, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement,Cambridge University Press 2011, p. 114.
- ↑ "Fatalities in the first Intifada". B'tselem. Diakses tanggal 8 December 2023.
- ↑ B'Tselem Statistics; Fatalities in the first Intifada.
- ↑ Mient Jan Faber, Mary Kaldor, 'The deterioration of human security in Palestine,' in Mary Martin, Mary Kaldor (eds.) The European Union and Human Security: External Interventions and Missions, Routledge, 2009 pp. 95–111.
- ↑ 'Intifada,' in David Seddon, (ed.)A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East, Taylor & Francis 2004, p. 284.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch, Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Palestinian Authority Territories, November, 2001. Vol. 13, No. 4(E), p. 49
- ↑ Amitabh Pal, "Islam" Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today, ABC-CLIO, 2011 p. 191.
- ↑ Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. [1]
Bibliografi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-24050-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OVtKS9DCN0kC.
- Alimi, Eitan Y. (2006). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada (edisi ke-2007 hardback). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38560-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FRSVtzxH_10C.
- Aronson, Geoffrey (1990). Israel, Palestinians, and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0336-3. https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinia00aron.
- Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2006). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518158-6.
- Berman, Eli (2011). Radical, Religious, and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism. MIT Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-262-25800-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=R7jvDS3OiAUC.
- Finkelstein, Norman (1996). The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years. Minnesota: University Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-2858-2.
- Hiltermann, Joost R. (1991). Behind the Intifada: Labor and Women's Movements in the Occupied Territories (edisi ke-1993 reprint). Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07869-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=m2fdWT3CuyQC.
- King, Mary Elizabeth (2007). A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance. New York: Nation Books. ISBN 978-1-56025-802-5. https://archive.org/details/quietrevolutionf0000king.
- Lockman, Zachary; Beinin, Joel, eds (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9. https://archive.org/details/intifadapalestin00lock.
- McDowall, David (1989). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond. California: University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06902-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=YWorYnKGZ5YC.
- Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: a History of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7. https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0.
- Nassar, Jamal Raji; Heacock, Roger, eds (1990). Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-93411-8. https://archive.org/details/intifadapalestin00nass.
- Peretz, Don (1990). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0860-9. https://archive.org/details/intifadapalestin00pere.
- Rigby, Andrew (1991). Living the Intifada. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-040-5., out-of-print, now downloadable at civilresistance.info
- Roberts, Adam; Garton Ash, Timothy, eds (2009). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC.
- Shay, Shaul (2005). The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0255-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4kGIpMI5HC0C.
- Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising: Israel's Third Front. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67530-1. https://archive.org/details/intifadapalestin00schi_0.
- Shalev, Aryeh (1991). The Intifada: Causes and Effects. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Post & Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8303-3.
- Shlaim, Avi (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-028870-4.
Pautan lua
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Jewish Virtual Library
- The Intifada in Palestine:Introduction (www.intifada.com)
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 605
- Palestinian Arab "collaborators" (Guardian, UK)
- The Future of a Rebellion – Palestine An analysis of the 1980s intifada revolt of Palestinian youth. on libcom.org
- U.S. Involvement with Palestine's Rebellions from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Israel's Post-Soviet Expansion from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives