Teori manajemen teror

Teori manajemen teror (TMT) adolah teori psikologi sosial jo evolusioner nan awalnyo diusulan dek Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon jo Tom Pyszczynski^[1] jo dikodean dalam bukunyo bajudul The Worm at the Core: On the Role of Death in Life (2015). Teori iko mangusulan bahwasanyo konflik psikologis dasar muncua dari mampunyoi naluri palastarian diri sambil manyadari bahwa kamatian indak dapek dihindari jo sampai bateh tatantu indak dapek diprediksi. Konflik iko manghasilan teror, nan dikalola malalui kombinasi eskapisme jo keyakinan budaya nan batindak untuak malawan realitas biologis dengan bantuak makna jo nilai nan labiah signifikan jo tahan lamo—pado dasarnyo malawan katidakpantiangan pribadi nan diwakili dek kamatin dengan signifikansi nan diagiah dek budaya simbolik.^[1]^[2]

Pangalolaan kacamehan akan kamatian

Contoh paliang jaleh dari nilai-nilai budaya nan mangurangi kacamehan kamatian adolah nilai-nilai nan mangklaim manawaran keabadian literal (misalnyo, kapacayoan pado kahidupan sasudah kamatian malalui agamo).^[3] Namun, TMT juo bapandapek bahwa nilai-nilai budaya lainnyo—tamasuak nan tampaknyo indak takaik jo kamatian manawaran kaabadian simbolik. Misalnyo, nilai-nilai identitas nasional, katurunan, perspektif budaya tentang seks, jo superioritas manusia ateh hewan alah dikaikan jo mananangan kekhawatiran kamatian. Dalam banyak kasus, nilai-nilai iko dianggap manawaran kaabadian simbolik, malalui;

Maagiah raso bahwa sasaurang adolah bagian dari sasuatu nan labiah gadang nan pado akhirnyo akan mangatasi individu (misalnyo negara, garih katurunan, spesies), atau
Mambuek identitas simbolik sasaurang labiah unggul daripado sifaik biologis (yaitu sasaurang adolah kapribadian, nan mambuek sasaurang labiah dari sakadar gumpalan sel).

Karano nilai-nilai budaya mampangaruhi apo nan bararti, nilai-nilai tasabuik marupokan dasar bagi harga diri. TMT manggambaran harga diri sabagai ukuran pribadi jo subjektif tentang sabarapo elok individu manjalani nilai-nilai budaya inyo.

Akar pemikiran jo pangaruah Ernest Becker

Teori manajemen teror dikambangkan dek psikolog sosial Greenberg, Solomon, dan Pyszczynski. Namun, gagasan TMT barasa dari karya nonfiksi pamanang panghargaan Pulitzer tahun 1973 karya antropolog Ernest Becker The Denial of Death yang juo alah ditajamahan kadalam Bahaso Indonesia dengan judul Penyangkalan Terhadap Kematian bapandapaik bahwa sabagian gadang tindakan manusia dilakuan untuak mangabaikan atau manghindari kapastian kamatian.

Kangerian akan kahancuran total manciptakan kacamehan nan baitu mandalam, maskipun acok kali basifaik bawah sadar sahinggo manusia mahabisan hiduiknyo untuak mancubo mamahaminyo. Dalam skala gadang, masyarkat mambangun simbol sarupo hukum, makna, agamo, budaya, jo sistem kepercayaan untuak manjalehan signifikansi kahidupan, mandefinisian karakteristik tatantu nan luar biaso, maagiah panghargaan kapado inyo nan dianggap mancaminan atribut tatantu, sarato mahukum atau manyingkiran inyo-inyo nan indak sasuai jo pandangan dunia budaya. Kataatan tahadok simbol iko mambantu maredakan takanan nan takaik jo kanyataan akan kamatiaan. Pado tingkek individu, harago diri bafungsi sabagai panyangga tahadok kacamehan takaik jo kamatian.

Bibliografi

Becker, Ernest diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia (2004). "The Denial of Death Penyangkalan Terhadap Kematian", Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG). {{ISBN|978-623-134-195-2
Becker, Ernest (1973). The Denial of Death, The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-902380-7
Pyszczynski, Thomas; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2003). In the Wake of 9/11: The Psychology of Terror, American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-55798-954-0
Solomon, Sheldon, Greenberg, J. & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) "A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of esteem and cultural worldviews", in M. P. Zanna (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 24, Academic Press, pp. 93–159. ISBN 0-12-015224-X

Rujuakan

↑ ^a ^b Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T.; Solomon, S. (1986). "The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory". Dalam R. F. Baumeister. Public Self and Private Self. New York: Springer-Verlag. hlm. 189–212.
↑ Solomon, S.; Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T. (1991). "A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 24 (93): 159.
↑ Jonas, E.; Fischer, P. (2006). "Terror management and religion: evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 91 (3): 553–567. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.553. PMID 16938037. S2CID 45201747.

Bacoan lanjuik

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(Inggirih) Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (edisi ke-3rd). London: Harper Collins. http://www.human-nature.com/darwin/emotion/contents.htm.
(Inggirih) Florian, V.; Mikulincer, M. (1997). "Fear of death and the judgment of social transgressions: a multidimensional test of terror". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 73 (2): 369–80. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.369. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 9248054.
(Inggirih) Goldenberg, J.L.; Pyszczynski, T.; Greenberg, J.; Solomon, S.; Kluck, B.; Cornwell, R. (2001). "I am not an animal: Mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 130 (3): 427–435. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.427. PMID 11561918.
(Inggirih) Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T.; Solomon, S.; Rosenblatt, A.; Veeder, M.; Kirkland, S. (1990). "Evidence for terror management theory. II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview" (Fee required). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 58 (2): 308–318. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.2378 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308. ISSN 0022-3514. 13817, 35400000600727.0100 (INIST-CNRS). Diakses tanggal 2007-07-27.
(Inggirih) Greenberg, J.; Solomon, S.; Pyszczynski, T. (1997). "Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 29 (S 61): 139. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60016-7.
(Inggirih) Hansen, J; Winzeler, S; Topolinski, S (2010). "When death makes you smoke: a terror management perspective on the effectiveness of cigarette on-pack warnings". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 46: 226–228. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.007.
(Inggirih) Hirschberger, G.; Florian, V.; Mikulincer, M. (2003). "Striving for romantic intimacy following partner complaint or partner criticism: A terror management perspective". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 20 (5): 675–687. doi:10.1177/02654075030205006.
(Inggirih) Judis, J.B.. New Republic.
(Inggirih) Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506994-5.
(Inggirih) Mikulincer, M.; Florian, V.; Hirschberger, G. (2003). "The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 7 (1): 20–40. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0701_2. PMID 12584055.
(Inggirih) Pyszczynski, T.; Greenberg, J.; Solomon, S. (1997). "Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation". Psychological Inquiry. 8 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0801_1.
Pyszczynski, T.; Greenberg, J.; Solomon, S. (1999). "A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory". Psychological Review. 106 (4): 835–845. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835. PMID 10560330.
Rosenblatt, A.; Greenberg, J.; Solomon, S.; Pyszczynski, T.; Lyon, D. (1989). "Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 57 (4): 681–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.457.5862 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 2795438.
Royzman, E.B.; Sabini, J. (2001). "Something it takes to be an emotion: The interesting case of disgust". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 31 (1): 29–59. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00145.
Shehryar, O.; Hunt, D.M. (2005). "A terror management perspective on the persuasiveness of fear appeals". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 15 (4): 275–287. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1504_2.
Simon, L.; Arndt, J.; Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T.; Solomon, S. (1998). "Terror management and meaning: Evidence that the opportunity to defend the worldview in response to mortality salience increases the meaningfulness of life in the mildly depressed". Journal of Personality. 66 (3359–382): 359–382. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00016. hdl:10150/187250 . PMID 9615422.
Simon, L.; Greenberg, J.; Harmon-Jones, E.; Solomon, S.; Pyszczynski, T.; Arndt, J.; Abend, T. (1997). "Terror management and Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory: Evidence that terror management occurs in the experiential system". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 72 (5): 1132–1146. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1132. PMID 9150588.
Greenberg, J.; Koole, S. L.; Pyszczynski, T. (2004). Handbook of experimental existential psychology. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1.
(Inggirih) Cohen, Florette; Solomon, Sheldon; Maxfield, Molly; Pyszczynski, Tom; Greenberg, Jeff (2004). "Fatal Attraction". Psychological Science. SAGE Publications. 15 (12): 846–851. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00765.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 15563330.
(Inggirih) Van Tilburg, W. A. P.; Igou, E. R (2011). "On the meaningfulness of existence: When life salience boosts adherence to worldviews". European Journal of Social Psychology (Submitted manuscript). 41 (6): 740–750. doi:10.1002/ejsp.819. hdl:10344/5416 .
(Inggirih) Gutierrez, C. (2006). "Consumer attraction to luxury brand products: Social affiliation in terror management theory".

Membahas TMT secara panjang lebar

(Inggirih) Griffin, R. (2007). Fascism & Modernism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8783-9.

TMT dan harga diri

(Inggirih) Schmeichel, B.J.; Gailliot, M.T.; Filardo, E.A.; McGregor, I.; Gitter, S.; Baumeister, R.F. (2009). "Terror management theory and self esteem revisited: The roles of implicit and explicit self-esteem in mortality salience effects". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 96 (5): 1077–1087. doi:10.1037/a0015091. PMID 19379037.

[:0-1] Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T.; Solomon, S. (1986). "The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory". Dalam R. F. Baumeister. Public Self and Private Self. New York: Springer-Verlag. hlm. 189–212.

[2] Solomon, S.; Greenberg, J.; Pyszczynski, T. (1991). "A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 24 (93): 159.

[3] Jonas, E.; Fischer, P. (2006). "Terror management and religion: evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 91 (3): 553–567. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.553. PMID 16938037. S2CID 45201747.

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