Pambantaian di Indonesia 1965–1966
Pambunuahan skala gadang jo karusuahan sipil nan tarutamo ditargetkan pado anggota jo urang nan diduga simpatisan Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) tajadi di Indonesia dari tahun 1965 inggo 1966. Kelompok lain nan kanai tamasuak urang nan diduga simpatisan kumunih, padusi anggota Gerwani, serikat pekerja,[1] urang Jawa Abangan,[2] urang Cino, atheis, urang nan disabuik "kafir", jo urang nan kanai tuduah kelompok kida pado umumnyo. Manuruik estimasi nan paliang banyak dipakai sakurang-kurangnyo 500.000 hinggo 1 juta urang tabunuah,[3]:3[4][5][6] samantaro estimasi lain ado nan sampai duo hinggo tigo juta.[7][8] Kejahatan tersebut, nan kadang-kadang dinyatoan sabagai genosida[9][10][3] atau politisida,[11][12] bamulo dari Tentara Indonesia di bawah Suharto. Penalitian jo dokumen nan dideklasifikasikan manunjuakan bahasonyo otoritas Indonesia mandapek dukuangan dari negara-negara lua sarupo Amerika Serikat jo Inggirih.[13][14]:157[15][16][17][18]
Walaupun ado konsensus pado tingkek tatinggi pamarentah A.S. jo Inggirih bahasonyo akan paralu "untuak mancairkan Sukarno", sarupo nan disabuik dalam memorandum Badan Intelijen Pusek (CIA) dari tahun 1962,[19] dan adanya kontak nan arek antaro perwira militer anti-kumunih jo lembaga militer AS – pelatihan labih dari 1.200 perwira, "termasuk tokoh militer senior", sarato pemberian sanjato jo bantuan ekonomi[20][21] – CIA mambantah ikuik sato dalam kajadian iko. Dokumen AS nan dideklasifikasikan pado tahun 2017 mangungkapkan bahasonyo pamarentah AS punyo pangatahuan langkok takaik pambunuahan masal sajak awal dan mandukuang tindakan Tentara Indonesia ..[22][23][24] Ikuik satonyo AS dalam pambunuahan, di antaronyo dengan manyadioan daftar pejabat PKI nan panjang kapado regu pembunuh Indonesia,[30] sabalunnyo alah dibuktian dek ahli sijarawan jo wartawan.[23][31]
Sabuah laporan rahasio CIA dari tahun 1968 manyatoan bahasonyo pambantaian iko "mandapek paringkek sabagai salah satu pambunuhan massal nan paliang buruak pado abaik ka-20, basamo pambarasiahan Soviet pado tahun 1930-an, pambunuahan masal Nazi salamo Parang Dunia Kaduo, jo pambunuahan darah Maois pado awal tahun 1950-an."[32][33] Hal iko alah disabuik sabagai "genosida paliang gadang nan didukuang AS" sabagai akibaik dari dukuangan AS.[34]
Catatan kaki
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Kine, Phelim (2017). "Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims". Human Rights Watch.
Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoRicklefs 1991, p. 288 - ↑ a b Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoRobinson2018 - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoauto1 - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoBlumenthal80 - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoindoholo - ↑ Indonesia's killing fields Archived 14 February 2015 di Wayback Machine.. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ↑ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0-521-52750-3. http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective. Diakses pado 19 Oktober 2015.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoMelvin - ↑ Cribb, Robert (2004). "Case Study 4: The Indonesian Genocide of 1965-1966". di dalam Totten, Samuel. Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing. pp. 133–143. ISBN 1-59311-074-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&pg=PA133.
- ↑ Roosa, John. "The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why". Stanford. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 December 2018. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2016.
- ↑ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?". Maastricht University.
- ↑ Leksana, Grace (16 June 2020). "Collaboration in Mass Violence: The Case of the Indonesian Anti-Leftist Mass Killings in 1965–66 in East Java". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (1): 58–80. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1778612
.
- ↑ Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-4240-6.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamodocuments2017 - ↑ Kim, Jaechun (2002). "U.S. Covert Action in Indonesia in the 1960s: Assessing the Motives and Consequences". Journal of International and Area Studies. 9 (2): 63–85. ISSN 1226-8550. JSTOR 43107065.
- ↑ "Judges say Australia complicit in 1965 Indonesian massacres". www.abc.net.au (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2016-07-20. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-14.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoLashmar2021 - ↑ Allan & Zeilzer 2004, p. ??. Templat:Harvtxt which notes that, prior to the mid-1950s—by which time the relationship was in definite trouble—the US actually had, via the CIA, developed excellent contacts with Sukarno.
- ↑ Military Assistance Training in East and Southeast Asia. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 16 Pebruari 1971. p. 18.
- ↑ Macaulay, Scott (17 February 2014). The Act of Killing Wins Documentary BAFTA; Director Oppenheimer's Speech Edited Online. Filmmaker. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017). "Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide". Indonesia at Melbourne. University of Melbourne. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2017.
The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.
- ↑ a b "Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge". The Associated Press via The Guardian. 17 October 2017. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2017.
- ↑ Dwyer, Colin (18 October 2017). "Declassified Files Lay Bare U.S. Knowledge Of Mass Murders In Indonesia". NPR. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2017.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoKadane - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoLA Times - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoCIA lists - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoAlexBellamy - ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoEditorial Note - ↑ [25][26][27][28][29]
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoAtlantic2017 - ↑ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Archived 5 January 2016 di Wayback Machine. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-15691-7 p. 81.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamoDavid F. Schmitz 2006 48-49 - ↑ Michaels, Samantha. "It's Been 50 Years Since the Biggest US-Backed Genocide You've Never Heard Of". Mother Jones (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-04-12.
Rujuakan dan bacaan lanjuik
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Alham, Asahan, ed (2002) (dalam bahaso id). Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil. Jakarta: Lontar Foundation. ISBN 978-979-8083-42-6.
- Allan, Stuart; Zeilzer, Barbie (2004). Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London and New York: Routledge.
- Bellamy, Alex J. (2012). Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928842-9.
- Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-4240-6.
- Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-68617-2
- Blumenthal, David A. and McCormack, Timothy L. H. (2007). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-15691-7
- Crouch, Harold (1978). The army and politics in Indonesia, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press ISBN 0-8014-1155-6 (A revision of the author's thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, 1975, entitled: The Indonesia Army in politics, 1960–1971.) pp. 65–66. Cited in Cribb (1990).
- Cribb, Robert (1990), "Introduction: Problems in the historiography of the killings in Indonesia", dalam Cribb, Robert, Monash papers on Southeast Asia – No 21. The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966: studies from Java and Bali, Clayyton, Victoria: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, hlm. 1–43
- Cribb, Robert; Coppel, Charles (2009). "A genocide that never was: explaining the myth of anti-Chinese massacres in Indonesia, 1965–66". Journal of Genocide Research. Taylor & Francis. 11 (4): 447–465. doi:10.1080/14623520903309503. ISSN 1469-9494.
- Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6. https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo.
- Gerlach, Christian; Six, Clemens, eds (2020). The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-54965-7.
- Hill, David (2008). "Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics" (PDF) (Paper delivered at the 17th Biennial Conference on the Asian Studies Association of Australia). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2012.
- Hindley, Donald. The Communist Party of Indonesia, 1951–1963 (U of California Press, 1966).
- McDonald, Hamish (1980). Suharto's Indonesia. Melbourne: Fontana Books. ISBN 0-00-635721-0.
- McGregor, Katharine; Melvin, Jess; Pohlman, Annie, eds (2018). The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies (Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:. ISBN 978-3-319-71454-7. https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319714547.
- Mehr, Nathaniel (2009). Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The United States, Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965–1966. Spokesman Books. ISBN 0-85124-767-9
- Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4. https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694.
- Oey Hong Lee, (1971) Indonesian government and press during Guided Democracy Hull: University of Hull, Hull monographs on South-East Asia; no. 4 . Zug, Switzerland : Inter Documentation Co.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- Robinson, Geoffrey (1995). The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. Chapter 11. cited here from Friend (2003).
- Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3. https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html.
- Roosa, John (2020). Buried Histories: The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965–1966 in Indonesia. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-32730-9.
- Roosa, John (2006). Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1.
- Schaefer, Bernd; Wardaya, Baskara T., ed. (2013), 1965: Indonesia and the World, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, ISBN 978-9-792-29872-7
- Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2. https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw.
- Simpson, Bradley (2010). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-7182-0
- Tan, Mely G. (2008) (dalam bahaso id). Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-689-5.
- Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5. https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri.
- Vickers, Adrian (1995), From Eric Oey, ed (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 26–35. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
- Vittachi, Tarzie (1967). The Fall of Sukarno. Andre Deutsch Ltd.
- Weiner, Tim (2007). Legacy of Ashes – The History of the CIA. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-064-8.
- Westad, Odd Arne (2005). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-64382-5.
Pautan lua
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Final Report of the IPT 1965: Findings and Documents of the IPT 1965. International People's Tribunal 1965.
- Suharto's Purge, Indonesia's Silence. Joshua Oppenheimer for The New York Times, 29 September 2015.
- Indonesia takes step toward reckoning with '65–66 atrocities Archived 6 May 2016 di Wayback Machine.. The Associated Press. 18 April 2016
- Indonesia challenged to admit existence of mass graves from anti-communist purges. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 May 2016.
- Indonesia Takes a Step Back From Reckoning With a Past Atrocity. The New York Times, 29 September 2017.
- In Indonesia, the 'fake news' that fueled a Cold War massacre is still potent five decades later. The Washington Post. 30 September 2017.
- There's now proof that Soeharto orchestrated the 1965 killings by Jess Melvin. Indonesia at Melbourne at the University of Melbourne, 26 June 2018.
- LIFE Magazine article, 1 July 1966
- Root, Rebecca (January 12, 2023). "'Truth is one of our rights': victims of Indonesia's bloody past want more than regret from their president". The Guardian.
