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Kalatiahan mental

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(Dialiahkan dari Keletihan Mental)
Kalatiahan mental
Namo lainLenyai mental, gangguan kalatiahan, neurasthenia
Urang nan sadang stres psikologis
Spesialisasipsikologi
GejalaKalatiahan emosional, depersonalisasi, capaian diri bakurang, Lenyai
Kondisi sarupoGangguan depresi mayor

Muak karajo, kalatiahan mental atau kalatiahan karajo (bahaso Inggirih: burnout atau occupational burnout) adolah istilah psikologi nan digunokan untuak manggambarkan raso latiah, panek, jo indak tacapai dek tuntutan nan talampau mambabani tanago jo kamampuan sasaurang.[1] Kalatiahan karajo marupokan gejala nan muncua dek panek jo latiah.[2] Istilah iko partamo kali ditanamokan dek Herbert J. Freudenberger pado taun 1974. Panalitian tantang topik iko mulonyo dilakukan di bidang pandidikan, tarutamo pado guru nan mangalami panurunan kinerja nan disababkan dek kalatiahan mental.[3]

Arati

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Manuruik Organisasi Kasihatan Dunia atau World Health Organization (WHO), kalatiahan karajo adolah sindrom nan dihasiakan dek stres takaik karajo kronis, jo gejala nan ditandoi jo "raso abih tanago atau lenyai; paningkatan jarak mental urang dari karajonyo, atau raso negatif atau sinisme nan takaik jo karajo urang; jo mangurangi pancapaian karajo". Meskipun kalatiahan dapek mampangaruahi kasihatan jo dapek manjadi alasan urang maubuangi layanan kasihatan, hal itu surang indak diklasifikasikan dek WHO sabagai kondisi medis atau gangguan mental. WHO juo manyatokan baso "Burn-out marujuak sacaro khusus pado fenomena dalam konteks karajo jo indak buliah diterapkan untuak manggambarkan pangalaman di bidang iduik nan lain".[4]

Organisasi Kasihatan Dunia mampublikasikan definisi baru tantang kalatiahan karajo sabagai sabuah sindrom, per Januari 2022.[5] Deskripsi kalatiahan karajo manuruik Organisasi Kasihatan Dunia adolah:

Burnout adolah sindrom (kumpulan gejala) nan dikonseptualisasikan sabagai akibaik dari stres jangko lamo di tampek karajo nan alun barasia diolah. Hal iko ditandoi jo tigo dimensi: 1) raso abih tanago atau lenyai; 2) paningkatan jarak mental urang dari karajo, atau raso negativisme atau sinisme nan takaik jo karajonyo; jo 3) raso kurangnyo pancapaian karajo. Burn-out marujuak sacaro khusus pado fenomena dalam konteks karajo sainggo indak buliah dipakai untuak manjalehan pangalaman di bidang iduik nan lain.

Stamm, B (2005) dalam ProQUOL Manual manjalehan kalatiahan mental dalam perspektif panalitian, yaitu diasosiasikan jo raso indak dapek diarok jo sulik untuak bakarajo atau sulik mangarajokan padok sacaro efektif. Salanjuiknyo, Stamm manjalehan baso biasonyo raso negatif itu muncua sacaro lambek-lambek. Urang nan karajo ka maraso baso usaho nan dilakukannyo indak mambaok parubahan apo pun.

Sijarah

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Manuruik Wolfgang Kaskcha, kalatiahan sabagai sabuah fenomena mungkin alah ado satiok wakatu jo di sadoalah budayo. Inyo mancataik baso kondisi tasabuik dijalehan dalam Kitab Keluaran.[6] Gordon Parker picayo baso konsep acedia Eropa saisial marujuak pado kalatiahan, dan bukan depresi sarupo nan diyakini banyak urang.[7][8] Alah disabuikkan baso panggunoan tacetak partamo dari istilah "kalelahan" dalam bahaso Inggris ado di salah satu soneta Shakespeare pado taun 1599,[9] marujuak pado cinto padusi nan mambaro. Soneta nan dimukasuik adolah salah satu karya Shakespeare nan paliang tanamo.

Pado 1869, ahli saraf New York George Beard manggunokan istilah "neurasthenia" untuak manjalehkan kondisi nan sangaik laweh nan disababkan dek kalatiahan sistem saraf, nan dikito utamonyo tasuo pado "komunitas intelektual nan baradab".[10] Konsep tasabuik sagiro manjadi tanamo, jo banyak urang di Amerika Serikat picayo baso urang-urang mampunyoinyo juo. Babarapo datang untuak manyabuiknyo "Americanitis".[11] Ubek istirahat adolah ubek nan biaso diresepkan (walaupun ado banyak pangubatan lain). Beard labiah lanjuik manjalehkan potensi gejala neurasthenia samakin laweh dari wakatu ka wakatu, sahinggo hampia sado gejala atau parilaku dapek dianggap disababkan deknyo.[12] Don R Lipsitt kamudian batanyo-tanyo apokah istilah "kalatiahan" didefinisikan talampau laweh untuak baguno.[13]

Psikolog, Wilmar Schaufeli, Mammbiah kasajajaran antaro kalelahan jo neurasthenia jo manunjuakkan persamaan di antaro kaduanyo.[14] Babarapo kasamaan iko tamasuak bahwa kadua kondisi tasabuik tarutamo ditandai dek kalelahan mental jo kaduonyo dianggap sabagai panyakik pado masanyo, produk dari masyarakat tampek kito iduik. Inyo mangatokan "Neurasthenia dipahami sabagai produk dari parubahan sosial jo teknologi nan capek, nan dihasiakan dari transformasi masyarakaik patanian manjadi masyarakaik industri. Jo nada nan samo, kalelahan dipandang sabagai produk dari parubahan sosial jo budayo nan dihasiakan dari transformasi masyarakaik industri manjadi masyarakaik berorientasi layanan pasca industri". Juo, inyo manunjuakkan kalau kaduo kondisi itu dianggap sabagai reaksi normal taradok situasi abnormal, menawarkan panjalehan untuak hal nan biaso jo bukan patologis.

Pado 1961, Graham Greene manabikkan novel A Burnt-Out Case[pranala nonaktif permanen], kisah saurang arsitek nan manjadi sangaik latiah jo karajonyo, dan mambutuahkan banyak wakatu untuak puliah.[15]

Pado 1969, HB Bradley manggunokan istilah "kalelahan" dalam makalah kriminologi untuak manggambarkan staf nan kalelahan di sabuah pusaik untuak marawat palanggar nan gadang jo mudo.[16] Iko alah dikutip sabagai karya akademik partamo nan diketahui manggunokan istilah untuak konsep iko.[17]

Pado 1974, Herbert Freudenberger, saurang psikolog Amerika, manggunokan istilah tasabuik dalam makalah akademisnyo "Staff Burn-Out."[18] Makalah iko didasarkan pado pangamatan kualitatif staf relawan (tamasuak dirinyo surang) di sabuah klinik gratis untuak pacandu narkoba.[19] Inyo mancirikan burnout jo sarangkaian gejala nan mancakup kalelahan akibaik tuntutan karajo nan balabihan sarato gejala fisik sarupo sakit kapalo jo susah lalok, "cepek berang", jo pamikiran tatutuik. Inyo mangamati bahwa pakarajo nan kalelahan "taliek, batindak, jo tampak tatekan". Satelah publikasi makalah Freudenberger, minat tahadok konsep tasabuik tumbuah.

Pado 1976, Christina Maslach mancatat istilah nan digunokan dek pengacara California nan bakarajo jo urang miskin, dan mulai mampelajari konsep tasabuik.[20] Pada 1981, Maslach dan Susan E. Jackson manabikan instrumen untuak manilai kajenuhan, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).[21] Itu adolah instrumen partamo dari jiniahnyo jo instrumen kalelahan nan paliang banyak digunokan.[22] Kaduo panaliti manggambarkan kalelahan dalam hal kalelahan emosional, depersonalisasi (maraso randah empati taradok urang lain dalam pangaturan pekerjaan), jo mangurangi parasaan pancapaian pribadi nan bahubungan jo pekerjaan.[23][24]

Pado 2005, Dewan Kesehatan dan Kesejahteraan Swedia mangadopsi konseptualisasi halus dari kalelahan parah nan digambarkan sabagai "gangguan kalelahan".[25]

Pado 2015, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia mangadopsi konseptualisasi kelelahan[26] nan konsisten jo Maslach. Itu mangadopsi versi modifikasi iko pado tahun 2022. Namun, "indak jo sendirinya diklasifikasikan dek WHO sabagai kondisi medis atau gangguan mental."[27]

Juo pado 2015, Bianchi jo kawannyo maagiah tinjauan literatur tentang tumpang tindih kalelahan-depresi (badasarkan 92 panalitian) jo manyimpulkan bahwa panalitian tasabuik gagal mambuktikan sacara konsisten kekhasan fenomena kalelahan.[28] Pado 2017, sambilan negara Eropa (Denmark, Estonia, Prancis, Hongaria, Latvia, Belanda, Portugal, Slovakia, dan Swedia) manganggap kalelahan sabagai gangguan medis nan diakui.[29]

Diagnosa

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Klasifikasi

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Kalatiahan mental indak dikatahuai sabagai gangguan mental nan babeda dalam DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5; tabik pado 2013).[30] Definisi Gangguan Panyasuaian,[31][32][33] jo Gangguan Takaik Trauma jo Stres nan Indak Ditantuan[34] dalam babarapo kasus mancaminkan kondisi kalatiahan mental. Pambaruan 2022, DSM-5-TR, indak manambahkan definisi kalatiahan mental.[35]

Pado 2017, sambilan nagara Eropa mamparetongkan kalatiahan mentah sabagai gangguan medis nan diakui.[36] Nagara-nagara iko manggolongkannyo di bawah satu atau labiah kode ICD.

ICD-10 manggolongkan "kalatiahan" sabagai jinih kapayahan maatua iduik non-medis di bawah kode Z73.0.[37] Hal iko dianggap sabagai salah satu "faktor nan mampangaruahi status kasihatan sarato kontak jo layanan kasihatan" jo "indak buliah digunokan" untuak "kode kamatian primer".[38] Hal iko juo dianggap sabagai salah satu "masalah nan bakaitan jo kapayahan maatua iduik".[39] Kondisi iko salanjuiknyo didefinisikan sabagai "kaadaan kalatiahan vital", nan sacara historis disabuik neurasthenia.[40] ICD-10 juo mamuek kategori kondisi medis "F43.8 Reaksi lain tahadok stres barek".[41]

Pado 2005, Dewan Kasihatan dan Kasejahteraan Swedia manambahkan "gangguan kalatiahan" (ED; F43.8A) ka versi Swedia dari ICD-10, ICD-10-SE, mawakili apo nan biasonyo disabuik "kalatiahan" dalam bahasa Inggirih.[42][43]

ICD-10-SE mandefinisikan gangguan kalelahan nan tadiri dari:

A. Physical and mental symptoms of exhaustion during at least two weeks. The symptoms have developed in response to one or more identifiable stressors present for at least six months.

B. The clinical picture is dominated by markedly reduced mental energy, as manifested by reduced initiative, lack of endurance, or increased time needed for recovery after mental effort.

C. At least four of the following symptoms have been present, nearly every day, during the same 2-week period:

  1. Concentration difficulties or impaired memory
  2. Markedly reduced capacity to tolerate demands or to work under time pressure
  3. Emotional instability or irritability
  4. Sleep disturbance
  5. Marked fatigability or physical weakness
  6. Physical symptoms such as aches and pains, palpitations, gastrointestinal problems, vertigo or increased sensitivity to sound

D. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in occupational, social or other important respects.

E. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a physical illness/injury (e.g., hypothyroidism, diabetes, infectious disease).

Manuruik Lindsäter et al., "Diagnosis alah manjadi hampia samo lazimnyo jo depresi barek di lingkungan parawatan kasehatan Swedia, jo saat iko manyumbang labiah banyak kasus panggantian cuti sakik jangko panjang daripado diagnosis tunggal lainnyo di negara itu." [44]

The Royal Dutch Medical Association mandefinisikan "kalelahan" sabagai subtipe gangguan penyesuaian[45] sabagai bagian dari sistem ICD-10. Di Balando, burnout dimasuakkan dalam buku pegangan jo staf medis dilatiah dalam diagnosis jo parawatannyo.[46] Reformasi asuransi kasehatan Belanda mangakibatkan penghapusan pangobatan gangguan panyasuaian dari paket dasar wajib pado tahun 2012. Praktisi diberitahu bahwa kasus nan lebiah serius dari kondisi tasabuik dapek mamanuhi syarat untuak klasifikasi sabagai depresi atau gangguan kecemasan.[47]

Versi baru ICD, ICD-11, dirilis pado Juni 2018, untuak panggunaan partamo pado Januari 2022.[48] Versi baru memiliki kode entri jo bajudul "QD85 Burn-out". ICD-11 manggambarkan kondisi tasebuik sebagai barikuik (urang dapek maliek baa iiko didasarkan pado definisi Maslac):[49]

Burn-out is a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by three dimensions: 1) feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; 2) increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and 3) reduced professional efficacy. Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in the occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life.[50]

Kondisi iko diklasifikasikan dalam "Masalah nan terkait jo karajo atau pangangguran" di bagian "Faktor nan mampangaruhi status kasehatan atau kontak jo layanan kasehatan." Bagian iko dikhususkan untuak alasan salain panyakit nan diketahui atau kondisi kasehatan nan mambuek urang manghubungi layanan kasehatan.[51][52]

Dalam panyatoannyo nan dibuek pado Mei 2019, WHO mangatokan "Burn-out tamasuak ka dalam Revisi ke-11 Klasifikasi Panyakik Internasional (ICD-11) sabagai fenomena karajo. Itu indak diklasifikasikan sabagai kondisi medis."[53]

Paramban jo alat pangkodean ICD mancantumkan istilah "kajanuahan pangasuah" ka kategori "QF27 Kasulitan atau kabutuahan akan bantuan di rumah jo indak ado anggota rumah tanggo lain nan dapek maagiah parawatan."[54][55] Jo baitu, QF27 maakui baso kalatiahan dapek tajadi di lua konteks karajo.

ICD-11 juo mampunyoi kondisi medis "6B4Y Gangguan khusus lainnyo nan sacaro khusus takaik jo stres",[56] nan sapangkek jo F43.8 ICD-10. Kok salapeh parawatan, urang jo kalatiahan taruih maalami gejala fisik manatap nan dipicu dek kondisi tasabuik, di Islandia, urang-urang tu mungkin dianggap maalami " gangguan gejala somatik" (DSM-5) jo "gangguan-gangguan tubuah" (ICD-11).[57]

Rincian labiah lanjuik tantang baragam caro dotor jo lainnyo manggunokan klasifikasi ICD jo DSM wakatu itu jo kalatiahan tabik dek psikolog Balando Arno Van Dam, psikolog Balando, pado tahun 2021.[58] National Institutes of Health pamarintah AS mamasuakan kondisi iko sabagai "kalatiahan psikologis" dalam indeks National Library of Medicine,[59] jo manyadiokan sajumlah sinonim. Iko mandefinisikan kondisi sabagai "Reaksi bakalabiahan tahadok stres nan disababkan dek lingkuangan dirinyo nan dapek ditandoi jo raso panek emosional jo fisik, ditambah jo rasa frustrasi jo kagagalan."[59]

SNOMED CT mamasuakan istilah "kalatiahan" sabagai sinonim untuak kondisi "lamah fisik jo emosional" nan didefinisikan, nan marupokan subtipe dari gangguan cameh.[60] Database Panyakik mandefinisikan kondisi tasabuik sabagai "kalatiahan karajo".[61]

Pananggulangan

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Kalatiahan mental marupokan masalah psikologis nan dapek ditangani capek. Babarapo caro capek manangani kalatiahan mental nan bisa dipraktikkan antaro lain:[62]

  1. Buek jadwal rutin aktivitas sosial.
  2. Ulahrago rutin.
  3. Manjalani hobi.
  4. Manjadi sukarelawan.
  5. Mampatageh tujuan iduik.
  6. Mamintak bantuan bilo sulik.
  7. Mambuek urang lain tagalak.
  8. Maubah karajo nan biaso.
  9. Mampunyoi ritual pagi.
  10. Baranti baralasan.
  11. Batangguang jawek.

Rujuakan

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  1. ↑ "Mengenal Letih Mental Atau Burnout Saat Pandemi, Gejala & Penyebab". tirto.id (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Diakses tanggal 31/5/2023. 
  2. ↑ Ahn, Juyeon (2021). Mengapa Aku Mengalami Burnout?. Jakarta: Rene Book. pp. 11. https://renebook.com/mengapa-aku-mengalami-burnout-karya-ahn-juyeon/. 
  3. ↑ Canter, M. B., & Freudenberger, L. (2001). Herbert J. Freudenberger (1926–1999). American Psychologist, 56(12), 1171. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  4. ↑ "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". WHO. 28 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 31/5/2023. 
  5. ↑ WHO Redefines Burnout As A 'Syndrome' Linked To Chronic Stress At Work
  6. ↑ Kaschka WP, Korczak D, Broich K (November 2011). "Burnout: a fashionable diagnosis". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (46): 781–787. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0781. PMC 3230825 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 22163259. 
  7. ↑ (dalam bahaso en) Burnout: A guide to identifying burnout and pathways to recovery. Allen & Unwin. 2 Juli 2021. ISBN 978-1-76106-214-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=f1MmEAAAQBAJ. 
  8. ↑ Parker G, Tavella G (December 2021). "Burnout: modeling, measuring, and managing". Australasian Psychiatry. 29 (6): 625–627. doi:10.1177/10398562211037332. PMID 34461751 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  9. ↑ "Professional Burnout". Handbook of work and health psychology. Wiley. 4 Nopember 1996. pp. 513–527. https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/082.pdf. Diakses pado 31 Mai 2023. 
  10. ↑ Beard G (1869-04-29). "Neurasthenia, or Nervous Exhaustion". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 80 (13): 217–221. doi:10.1056/NEJM186904290801301. ISSN 0096-6762. 
  11. ↑ "One Step Back; Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt?". The New York Times. 1998-01-26. Diakses tanggal 31/5/2023. 
  12. ↑ (dalam bahaso en) American Nervousness, Its Causes and Consequences: A Supplement to Nervous Exhaustion (neurasthenia). Putnam. 4 Nopember 1881. https://books.google.com/books?id=3moPAAAAYAAJ. 
  13. ↑ Lipsitt DR (September 2019). "Is Today's 21st Century Burnout 19th Century's Neurasthenia?". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (dalam bahasa Inggris). 207 (9): 773–777. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001014. PMID 31464987. 
  14. ↑ Schaufeli, Wilmar B. (2017), Neckel, Sighard; Schaffner, Anna Katharina; Wagner, Greta, ed., "Burnout: A Short Socio-Cultural History", Burnout, Fatigue, Exhaustion: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on a Modern Affliction (dalam bahasa Inggris), Cham: Springer International Publishing: 105–127, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52887-8_5, ISBN 978-3-319-52887-8, diakses tanggal 2023-05-31 
  15. ↑ A Burnt-Out Case. William Heinemann Ltd. 4 Nopember 1961. pp. cover title. ISBN 978-0140185393. https://archive.org/details/burntoutcase0000grah. 
  16. ↑ Bradley HB (July 1969). "Community-based treatment for young adult offenders". Crime & Delinquency. 15 (3): 359–370. doi:10.1177/001112876901500307. 
  17. ↑ "Professional Burnout". Handbook of work and health psychology. Wiley. 4 Nopember 1996. pp. 513–527. https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/082.pdf. Diakses pado 31 Mai 2023. 
  18. ↑ Freudenberger HJ (January 1974). "Staff Burn-Out". Journal of Social Issues. 30 (1): 159–165. doi:10.1111/J.1540-4560.1974.TB00706.X. 
  19. ↑ Freudenberger HJ (1974). "Staff burnout". Journal of Social Issues. 30: 159–165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x. 
  20. ↑ "Professional Burnout". Handbook of work and health psychology. Wiley. 4 Nopember 1996. pp. 513–527. https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/082.pdf. Diakses pado 31 Mai 2023. 
  21. ↑ Maslach C, Jackson SE (1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Occupational Behavior. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. 
  22. ↑ Schonfeld IS, Verkuilen J, Bianchi R (December 2019). "Inquiry into the correlation between burnout and depression". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 24 (6): 603–616. doi:10.1037/ocp0000151. PMID 30945922. 
  23. ↑ "MBI: The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual". Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1996. 
  24. ↑ Ruotsalainen JH, Verbeek JH, Mariné A, Serra C (April 2015). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. PMC 6718215 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 25847433. 
  25. ↑ Besèr A, Sorjonen K, Wahlberg K, Peterson U, Nygren A, Asberg M (February 2014). "Construction and evaluation of a self rating scale for stress-induced exhaustion disorder, the Karolinska Exhaustion Disorder Scale". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 55 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1111/sjop.12088. PMC 4235404 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 24236500. 
  26. ↑ "2022 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code Z73.0: Burn-out". www.icd10data.com. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-15. 
  27. ↑ "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". WHO. 28 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 11/6/2023. 
  28. ↑ Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E (March 2015). "Burnout-depression overlap: a review". Clinical Psychology Review. 36: 28–41. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004. PMID 25638755. 
  29. ↑ Lastovkova A, Carder M, Rasmussen HM, Sjoberg L, Groene GJ, Sauni R, et al. (April 2018). "Burnout syndrome as an occupational disease in the European Union: an exploratory study". Industrial Health. 56 (2): 160–165. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2017-0132. PMC 5889935 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29109358. 
  30. ↑ Vahia VN (July 2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 220–223. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117131. PMC 3777342 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 24082241. 
  31. ↑ Boudoukha AH, Hautekeete M, Abdellaoui S, Abdelaoui S, Groux W, Garay D (September 2011). "[Burnout and victimisation: impact of inmates' aggression towards prison guards]". L'Encéphale. 37 (4): 284–292. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2010.08.006. PMID 21981889. Burnout doesn't appear per se in any international classification of mental disorders: clinicians often use the diagnosis of adjustment disorder 
  32. ↑ Höschl C (January 2013). "2394 – Burnout is a myth". European Psychiatry. 28 (Supplement 1): 1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(13)77215-8. 
  33. ↑ "Depression and burnout.". Mental health and productivity in the workplace: A handbook for organizations and clinician. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 4 Nopember 2003. pp. 433–457. 
  34. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 290. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. OCLC 926613691. http://worldcat.org/oclc/926613691. 
  35. ↑ "Psychiatry.org - Updates to DSM-5 Criteria & Text". psychiatry.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 11/6/2023. 
  36. ↑ Lastovkova A, Carder M, Rasmussen HM, Sjoberg L, Groene GJ, Sauni R, et al. (April 2018). "Burnout syndrome as an occupational disease in the European Union: an exploratory study". Industrial Health. 56 (2): 160–165. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2017-0132. PMC 5889935 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29109358. 
  37. ↑ ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, Z73. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Chapter XXI: Factors influencing health status and contact with health services". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization. 4 Nopember 2019. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/XXI. 
  39. ↑ "Z73 Problems related to life-management difficulty". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization. 4 Nopember 2019. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z73. 
  40. ↑ "Z73 Burn-out". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization. 4 Nopember 2019. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z73.0. 
  41. ↑ "F43.8 Other reactions to severe stress". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization. 4 Nopember 2019. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F43.8. 
  42. ↑ Grossi G, Perski A, Osika W, Savic I (December 2015). "Stress-related exhaustion disorder--clinical manifestation of burnout? A review of assessment methods, sleep impairments, cognitive disturbances, and neuro-biological and physiological changes in clinical burnout". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 56 (6): 626–636. doi:10.1111/sjop.12251. PMID 26496458. 
  43. ↑ "Exhaustion syndrome". Mind (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-11-01. Diakses tanggal 11/6/2023. 
  44. ↑ Lindsäter E, Svärdman F, Wallert J, Ivanova E, Söderholm A, Fondberg R, Nilsonne G, Cervenka S, Lekander M, Rück C (August 2022). "Exhaustion disorder: scoping review of research on a recently introduced stress-related diagnosis". BJPsych Open. 8 (5): e159. doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.559. PMC 9438479 alt=Dapat diakses gratis Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 36458830 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  45. ↑ van der Klink JJ, van Dijk FJ (December 2003). "Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 29 (6): 478–487. doi:10.5271/sjweh.756. JSTOR 40967326. PMID 14712856. 
  46. ↑ Schaufeli WB (June 2009). "Burnout: 35 years of research and practice". Career Development International. 14 (3): 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406. 
  47. ↑ Ministerie van Volksgezondheid Welzijn en Sport (2011-10-28). "Besluit van 30 september 2011, houdende wijziging van het Besluit zorgverzekering in verband met wijziging van de te verzekeren prestaties Zorgverzekeringswet per 2012 en de eigen bijdragen daarvoor en wijziging van dat besluit en het Besluit zorgaanspraken AWBZ in verband met stringent pakketbeheer en wijziging van het Besluit tegemoetkoming chronisch zieken en gehandicapten". zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl (dalam bahasa Belanda). Diakses tanggal 13/6/2023. 
  48. ↑ "WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11)". 
  49. ↑ "MBI: The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual". Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1996. 
  50. ↑ "QD85 Burn-out". icd.who.int. 
  51. ↑ "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". WHO. 28 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 13/6/2023. 
  52. ↑ "24. Factors influencing health status or contact with health services". icd.who.int. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-28. Categories in this chapter are provided for occasions when circumstances other than a disease, injury or external cause classifiable elsewhere are recorded as "diagnoses" or "problems." This can arise... When some circumstance or problem is present which influences the person's health status but is not in itself a current illness or injury. Such circumstance or problem may be elicited during population surveys, when the person may or may not be currently sick, or be recorded as additional information to be borne in mind when the person is receiving care for some illness or injury. 
  53. ↑ "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". WHO. 
  54. ↑ "Need for assistance at home and no other household member able to render care". Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Diakses tanggal 13/6/2023. 
  55. ↑ "ICD-11 Coding Tool Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS)". icd.who.int. 
  56. ↑ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". 
  57. ↑ Broddadóttir E, Flóvenz SÓ, Gylfason HF, Þormar Þ, Einarsson H, Salkovskis P, Sigurðsson JF (August 2021). ""I'm So Tired": Fatigue as a Persistent Physical Symptom among Working People Experiencing Exhaustion Disorder". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16): 8657. doi:10.3390/ijerph18168657. PMC 8392333 alt=Dapat diakses gratis Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 34444405 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  58. ↑ van Dam A (2021-09-03). "A clinical perspective on burnout: diagnosis, classification, and treatment of clinical burnout". European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 30 (5): 732–741. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2021.1948400. ISSN 1359-432X. 
  59. ↑ a b "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Diakses tanggal 13/6/2023. 
  60. ↑ "58535001 - Physical AND emotional exhaustion state - SNOMED CT". www.findacode.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-16. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-14. 
  61. ↑ "Professional burnout information Diseases Database". www.diseasesdatabase.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2022-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-14. 
  62. ↑ Jimbon (ed.). "Mengatasi "Burnout" di Tempat Kerja". Kompas.com. 
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