Caliak sumber untuak Irak

{{Infobox_Country
|conventional_long_name   = Republik Irak
|native_name = جمهورية العـراق{{br}} ''Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq'' {{small|([[Bahaso Arab|Arab]])}}{{br}} كۆماری عێراق{{br}} ''Komar-i ‘Êraq''  {{small|([[Bahaso Kurdi|Kurdi]])}}
|common_name = Irak 
|image_flag = Flag of Iraq.svg 
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Iraq (2008–present).svg 
|image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg 
|image_map2 = Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg 
|national_motto = الله أكبر {{br}} ''Allahu Akbar'' {{br}}([[Bahaso Arab|Arab]]: "Allah Maha Basa") 
|national_anthem = {{br}}موطني{{br}}''[[Mawtini]]'' 
|official_languages = [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]] jo [[Bahaso Kurdi|Kurdi]] 
|capital = [[Bagdad]] 
|latd=33 |latm=20 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=26 |longEW=E 
|largest_city = capital 
|government_type = [[Republik]] [[Sistem parlementer|parlementer]] 
|leader_title1 = [[Presiden Irak|Presiden]] 
|leader_title2 = [[Wakia Presiden Irak|Wakia Presiden]] 
|leader_title3 = [[Pardano Mantari Irak|Perdana Menteri]] 
|leader_name1 = [[Fuad Masum]] 
|leader_name2 =  [[Ayad Allawi]], [[Nouri al-Maliki]], jo [[Usama al-Nujayfi]] 
|leader_name3 = [[Haider al-Abadi]] 
|legislature = مجلس النواب{{br}}''[[Majelis Pawakilan Irak|Majlis an-Nuwwāb]]''
|sovereignty_type = Kamerdekaan 
|sovereignty_note = dari [[Britania Rayo]] 
|established_event2 = [[Karajaan Irak|K£rajaan]] 
|established_date2 = 3 Oktober 1932 
|established_event3 = [[Revolusi 14 Juli|Republik]] 
|established_date3 = 14 Juli 1958 
|area_rank = 59 
|area_magnitude = 1 E11 
|area = 437,072 
|percent_water = 1,1 
|population_estimate = 36.004.552<ref>[http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ Embassies overseas of Republic of İraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }}: [http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/nld/ab/articledisplay.aspx?gid=1&id=14075 جريدة الصباح تنشر احصائية وزارة التخطيط لعدد نفوس سكان العراق لسنة] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }}</ref><ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |title=Iraq |work=[[CIA Factbook]] |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224065934/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> 
|population_estimate_year = 2014 
|population_estimate_rank = 36 
|population_census = 
|population_census_year = 
|population_density = 82,7 
|population_density_rank = 125 
|GDP_PPP = $522.700 miliar<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Iraq |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2015-02-15 |date=Oktober 2014}}</ref> 
|GDP_PPP_rank = 37 
|GDP_PPP_year = 2015
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $14.571<ref name=imf2/> 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 85 
|GDP_nominal_year = 2015 
|GDP_nominal = $240.006 miliar<ref name=imf2/> 
|GDP_nominal_rank = 47 
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6.491<ref name=imf2/> 
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88 
|Gini_year = 2007 
|Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> 
|Gini = 30,9 (<span style="color:orange">sadang</span>) <!--number only--> 
|Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org }}</ref> 
|Gini_rank = 
|HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> 
|HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> 
|HDI = {{steady}} 0,642 <!--number only--> 
|HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Index and its components. Human Development Report 2011 |format=PDF |publisher=UNDP}}</ref> 
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">manangah</span> 
|HDI_rank = 120 
|currency = [[Dinar Irak]] (د.ع) 
|currency_code = IQD 
|time_zone = [[Wakatu Standar Arab]] 
|utc_offset = +3 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|drives_on = suok 
|iso3166code = IQ 
|cctld = [[.iq]] dan [[عراق.]] 
|calling_code = [[+964]] 
|footnotes={{Tnavbar|Irak infobox|plain=1}}
}}

'''Republik Irak''' (namo lokal: ''Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah'' - namo lokal singkek: '''Al Iraq''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |title=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-date=2007-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314143019/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ([[bahaso Arab|Arab]]: {{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|العراق}}, [[bahaso Turki|Turki]]: '''Irak''', [[bahaso Kurdi|Kurdi]]: '''عيَراق'''), adolah sabuah nagara di [[Timur Tengah]] atau [[Asia Baraik Daya]], nan maliputi sabagian tagadang daerah [[Mesopotamia]] sarato ujuang barat lauik dari [[Pagununagan Zagros]] jo bagian timur dari [[Gurun Suriah]]. Nagaro iko babatasan jo [[Kuwait]] jo [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan, [[Yordania]] di barat, [[Suriah]] di barat lauik, [[Turki]] di utara, dan [[Iran]] di timur. Irak mampunyoi bagian nan sangaik sampik dari garih pantai di [[Umm Qashr]] di [[Taluak Persia]].
 
Irak mampunyoi sajarah nan kayo. Kini Irak tamasuak [[nagara bakambang]] di tangah-tangah [[Parang sudaro Irak|parang sudaro]].

== Namo ==
Ado babarapo pandapek tantang asa usua namo ''Irak''; - satu di antaronyo barasa dari kota [[Uruk]] (atau Erech) dari maso Karajaan [[Sumer]]. Pandapek lainnyo mengatoan baso ''Irak''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|title=Republik Ceko Ikut Misi ke Irak Untuk Perangi ISIS {{!}} News {{!}} Arah.Com|last=divertal|newspaper=arah.com|access-date=2016-10-21|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021210251/http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> barasa dari [[bahaso Aram]], nan baarti "tanah sapanjang tapian sungai." Pendapek lainnyo mangatoan baso ''Irak'' adolah sabuah rujuakan kapado aka pohon palma, karano jumlahnyo banyak bana di nagara itu.

Di bawah [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia, ado wilayah nan dinamoi "Erak Arabi" nan marujuak ka bagian dari wilayah barat daya [[Kakaisaran Persia]], nan kini marupoan bagian dari Irak selatan. Al-Iraq adolah namo nan digunoan dek urang-urang Arab surang untuak daerah iko sajak abaik ka-6.

== Sajarah ==
{{main|Sajarah Irak}}

=== Sajarah kuno ===
{{main|Sumeria}}
[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|jmpl|kiri|150px|Bagian ateh dari stela [[Codex Hammurabi|aturan hukum]] [[Hammurabi]].]]
Sacaro historis Irak dikenal sabagai [[Mesopotamia]], nan sacaro harafiah baarti "di antaro duo sungai " dalam [[bahaso Yunani]]. Tanah iko manjadi tampek kalahiran paradaban partamo dunia nan dikenal, budayo [[Sumeria]], diikuiki jo budayo [[Akkadia]], [[Babilonia]] jo [[Asyur]] nan pangaruahnyo maluas ka daerah-daerah tatangganyo sajak sakitar 5000 SM. Paradaban-paradaban iko manghasiaan [[tulisan]] tatuo jo sabagian dari [[ilmu pengetahuan]], [[matematika]], [[hukum]] jo [[filsafat]] nan partamo di dunia, hinggo manjadian wilayah iko pusek dari apo nan umumnyo dikenal sabagai "[[Buaian Paradaban]]". [[Paradaban]] Mesopotamia kuno mandominasi paradaban-peradaban lainnyo pado zamannyo.

Pado [[abad ka-6 SM]], wilayah iko manjadi bagian dari [[Kakaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] salamo hampia 4 abad, sebalun ditakluakan dek [[Alexander Agung]] jo tatap barado di bawah kakuasaan [[Kerajaan Makedonia]] salamo hampia duo abad. Sabuah suku [[bangsa Iran]] dari Asia Tangah nan banamo [[Parthia]] kamudian marabuik wilayah iko, diikuiki jo [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia salamo 9 abad, hinggo [[abad ka-7]].

Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] manyebar ka daerah nan kini banamo Irak. Sapupu sakaligus minantu [[Nabi Muhammad]], iyolah [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] mamindahan ibukota di Kufah "fi al-Iraq" di mano inyo manjadi [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] nan ka-4. [[Bani Umayyah]] nan bakuaso dari [[Damaskus]] pado abaik ka-7 manguasai Provinsi Irak.

[[Baghdad]], ibukota [[Khilafah]] [[Abbasiyah]], adolah kota utamo bagi dunia Arab jo Islam salamo 5 abad.

=== Kasultanan Utsmaniyah ===
{{utama|Kasultanan Utsmaniyah}}

Pado taun 1258, Baghdad dihancuaan dek [[bangso Mongol]]. Kasultanan Utsmaniyah maambiak aliah Baghdad dari [[Persia]] pado taun 1535. Utsmaniyah kahilangan Baghdad ka [[Dinasti Safavid]] [[Persia]] pado taun 1509, dan maambiaknyo baliak pado taun 1632. Kakuasaan Utsmani ateh Irak balangsuang hinggo [[Parang Dunia I]] saaik Kesultanan Utsmaniyah barado basamo [[Kakaisaran Jerman]] jo [[Blok Sentral]].
<!--
====World War One====
{{main|Mesopotamian campaign}}
During [[World War I]], the [[Ottomans]] were driven from much of the area by the [[United Kingdom]] during the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]]. The British lost 92,000 soldiers in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]]. Ottoman losses are unknown but the British captured a total of 45,000 prisoners of war. By the end of 1918 the British had deployed 410,000 men into the area though only 112,000 of them were combat troops.

==== Partitioning ====
{{Main|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire}}
During World War I, the British and French divided the Middle East in the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]]. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] which was ratified by [[Treaty of Lausanne]] led to the creation of the modern [[Middle East]] and [[Republic of Turkey]].  The [[League of Nations]] granted [[France]] mandates over the [[French Mandate of Syria|Syria]] and the [[French Mandate of Lebanon|Lebanon]] and granted the [[United Kingdom]] mandates over the [[British Mandate of Iraq|Iraq]] and the [[Mandate for Palestine|Palestine]] (which was comprised of two autonomous regions: [[Palestine]] and [[Transjordan]]).  Parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] became parts of what are today [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Yemen]].

===British Mandate of Mesopotamia===
{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}}
At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]].

For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>.

===Hashemite monarchy===
Iraq was granted independence in [[1932]] by the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the British retained military bases and transit rights for their forces in the country. King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal died in 1933, while Iraq suffered from military coups (dictatorships) until he died in 1939. Iraq was invaded by the United Kingdom in 1941, for fears that the government of [[Rashid Ali]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations and because of his strong leanings to [[Nazi Germany]].  A military occupation followed after the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on [[October 26]], [[1947]]. The rulers of the country during the occupation and the remainder of the Hashemite monarchy period were the autocratic prime minister [[Nuri al-Said]] who also ruled from 1930-1932 and the advisor [['Abd al-Ilah]] to the king [[Faisal II]].

===Republic of Iraq===
The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power.  He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]].

====Saddam Hussein====
{{Main|Saddam Hussein}}
Saddam's rule lasted throughout the [[Iran-Iraq War]] (1980–1988), a war that involved Iraqi forces attacking Iranian military personnel and civilians with chemical weapons; and ended in stalemate. This period is notorious for the regime's [[Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq|human rights abuses]], such as those during the [[Al-Anfal campaign]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Black | first = George | authorlink = 
| title = Genocide in Iraq : the Anfal campaign against the Kurds / Middle East Watch.
| origyear = 1993 | origmonth = July
 | url = http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/| accessdate = 2007-02-10
| publisher = Human Rights Watch  
| location = New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London| isbn = 1-56432-108-8
 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Hiltermann | first = Joost R.| authorlink = | coauthors =  | editor = | others = 
| title = Bureaucracy of repression : the Iraqi government in its own words / Middle East Watch. | origyear = 1994  | origmonth = February
 | url = http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/iraq/TEXT.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-10 
 | publisher = Human Rights Watch
 | location = New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London  | isbn = 1564321274
 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.institutkurde.org/en/afp/archives/070108093217.hrifbdh6.html "Charges against Saddam dropped as genocide trial resumes"], ''[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]'', [[2007]]</ref>

[[Osirak]], also spelled Osiraq, was a 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of [[Baghdad]] in 1977. It was crippled by Israeli aircraft in 1981 in a preventive strike to prevent the regime of Saddam Hussein from using the reactor for the creation of nuclear weapons.

{{main|Gulf War}}
In [[1990]] Iraq [[invasion of Kuwait|invaded]] [[Kuwait]] resulting in the [[Gulf War]], and the  [[United Nations]] imposed [[economic sanctions]] at the urging of the U.S. The economic sanctions were designed to compel Saddam to dispose of weapons of mass destruction.<ref>(April 8, 1991), [http://www.mideastweb.org/687.htm <u>"UN Security Council Resolution 687"<u>], ''MidEast Web'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> Critics estimate that over 500,000 Iraqi children died as a result of the sanctions.<ref>Hay Brown jr, Matthew, (October 23, 2000), [http://www.commondreams.org/views/102300-103.htm <u>"Iraqi Sanctions: Without Medicine And Supplies, The Children Die"<u>], ''Common Dreams News Centre'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The U.S. and the UK declared [[no-fly zone]]s over Kurdish northern and Shiite southern Iraq to oversee the Kurds and southern Shiites.

===Occupation by Coalition Forces===
{{main|Iraq War}}
Iraq was [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition with the stated reasons that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to [[United Nations]] '''resolution 687'''. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted '''resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq'''. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait, the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687.  The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program.  United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived.
[[Berkas:BaghdadSign.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Downtown [[Baghdad]] monument of [[Saddam Hussein]] vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces in April 2003.]]
The public justifications given for invasion included purported Iraqi government links to [[Al Qaeda]], claims that Iraq had [[weapons of mass destruction]], the opportunity to remove an oppressive dictator from power, and the bringing of democracy to Iraq.In his State of Union Address on January 29, 2002, the American President George W. Bush declares Iraq as being a member of the "axis of evil".Like North Korea and Iran, Iraq's attempt to aquire weapons of mass destruction gave credentials to claim that the Iraqi government causes a serious threat to  America's national security."Iraq continues to flaunt its hostilities toward America and to support terror.The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade...This is a regime that agreed to international inspections--then kicked out inspectors.This a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world...By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes[Iran,Iraq and Norht Korea] pose a grave and growig danger.They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html,The President State of Union Address, January 29,2002,Washington,D.C.</ref>

The United States established the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] to govern Iraq. Government authority was transferred to an [[Iraqi Interim Government]] in 2004 and a permanent government was elected in October 2005. Over 140,000 Coalition troops remain in Iraq in order to assist the government.

Studies have placed the number of civilians deaths as high as 655,000 (see [[Lancet surveys of mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq|The Lancet study]]), though most studies have put the number much lower, such as the  [[Iraq Body Count project]], which uses a figure at less than 10% of The Lancet Study. However, the Iraq Body Count website points out "Our maximum therefore refers to reported deaths - which can only be a sample of true deaths unless one assumes that every civilian death has been reported. It is likely that many if not most civilian casualties will go unreported by the media." [http://www.iraqbodycount.org/#position].

After the invasion, al-Qaeda was able to exploit the insurgency to establish its organization in the country<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5329350.stm</ref> in concurrency with a Arab-Sunni led insurgency and sectarian violence. In 2006, Foreign Policy Magazine named Iraq as the fourth most unstable nation in the world.

On [[December 30]], [[2006]], Saddam Hussein was hanged to death. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6219861.stm] Hussein's half-brother and former intelligence chief Barzan Hassan and former chief judge of the Revolutionary Court Awad Bandar were similarly executed on [[January 15]], [[2007]]. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=adlWxYxfI4bE]

===Iraqi diaspora===
{{Main|Iraqi diaspora}}
The Iraqi diaspora is the dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries. There have been many large-scale waves of emigration from Iraq, beginning early in the regime of Saddam Hussein and continuing through 2007.  The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis have fled the country in recent years, mostly to Jordan and Syria. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm]  Although some expatriates returned to Iraq after the 2003 invasion, the flow had virtually stopped by 2006. [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/456320748.pdf]
-->

== Geografi ==
{{main|Geografi Irak}}
Irak talatak di antaro garih lintang 29 ° jo 38 ° N, jo garih bujur 39 ° dan 49 ° E. Wilayahnya mamiliki laweh 437.072 km2 (168.754 sq mi), manjadiannyo sabagai nagara ka-58 tagadang di dunia. Lawehnyo sabandiang jo ukuran nagara bagian AS [[California]], jo agak labiah gadang dari [[Paraguay]].

Wilayah Irak sabagian gadang tadiri dari padang pasia, namun di sakitar [[Sungai Eufrat]] jo [[Sungai Tigris|Tigris]] tadapek daratan aluvial nan subua. Bagian utara nagara tasabuik sabagian gadang tadiri dari pagunuangan; titik tatinggi nagara iko barado di [[Gunuang Cheekha Dar|Chekha Dar]] jo katinggian 3.611&nbsp;m (11.847&nbsp;ft). Irak mamiliki garih pantai kaciak baukuran 58&nbsp;km (36 mil) di sapanjang [[Taluak Persia]]. Dakek jo pantai jo sapanjang [[Shatt al-Arab]] (dikenal sabagai arvandrūd: اروندرود antaro [[Iran]]) dahulu pernah ado rawa, tapi banyak nan dikariangan pado 1990-an.

=== Iklim ===
{{main|Iklim Irak}}
Sabagian gadang wilayah Irak mamiliki iklim nan earing jo pangaruah subtropis. Suhu musim paneh rato-rato di ateh 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F) di sabagian gadang wilayah jo acok malabiahi 48&nbsp;°C (118,4&nbsp;°F). Suhu musim dingin jarang malabiahi 21&nbsp;°C (69,8&nbsp;°F) jo suhu maksimal sakitar 15 sampai 19&nbsp;°C (59,0-66,2&nbsp;°F) jo pado wakatu malam suhu antaro 2 sampai 5&nbsp;°C (35,6-41,0&nbsp;°F). Biasonyo curah hujan randah; sabagian gadang tampek mamiliki curah hujan 250&nbsp;mm (9,8 in) per taun, jo curah hujan maksimum tajadi salamo bulan-bulan musim dingin. Hujan salamo musim paneh sangaik jarang, kacuali di ujuang utara nagara itu. Daerah pagununagan utara mamiliki musim dingin jo salju dalam jumlah gadang nan kadang-kadang manyababan banjir gadang.

== Pamarintahan ==
=== Politik ===
[[Berkas:Iraq-CIA WFB Map.png|jmpl|ka|200px|Peta Irak]]
{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!--
Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]].

On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against).

Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted [[Iraqi legislative election, December 2005|fresh nationwide parliamentary elections on December 15]] to elect a new government. The overwhelming majority of all three major ethnic groups in Iraq voted along ethnic lines, turning this vote into more of an ethnic [[census]] than a competitive election, and setting the stage for the division of the country along ethnic lines.

Iraqi politicians have been under significant threat by the various factions that have promoted violence as a political weapon. The ongoing violence in Iraq has been incited by an amalgam of religious extremists that believe an Islamic [[Caliphate]] should rule, old sectarian regime members that had ruled under Saddam that want back the power they had, and Iraqi nationalists that are fighting the U.S. military presence.
-->
==== Kabijakan minoritas ====
{{utama|Kabijakan minoritas di Irak}}<!--
There are a number of ethnic minority groups in Iraq: [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Roma people|Roma]]. These groups have not enjoyed equal status with the majority Arab populations throughout Iraq's eighty-five year history. Since the establishment of the "no-fly zones" following the [[Gulf War]] of 1990-1991, the situation of the Kurds has changed as they have established their own autonomous region. The remainder of these ethnic groups continue to suffer discrimination on religious or ethnic grounds.-->

=== Pambagian administrasi ===
{{main|Governorat Irak}}
:''Caliak pulo: [[Distrik di Irak]]''
Irak dibagi ka dalam 18 [[governorat]] (atau [[provinsi]]) (bahaso Arab: ''muhafadhat'', tunggal - ''muhafadhah'', bahaso Kurdi: پاریزگه ''Pârizgah''). Governorat dibagi baliak ka dalam sajumlah ''qadhas'' (atau [[distrik]]).
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|
# [[Governorat Baghdad|Baghdad]] 
# [[Governorat Salah ad Din|Salah ad Din]]
# [[Governorat Diyala|Diyala]] 
# [[Governorat Wasit|Wasit]] 
# [[Governorat Maysan|Maysan]] 
# [[Governorat Basra|Al Basrah]] 
# [[Governorat Dhi Qar|Dhi Qar]] 
# [[Governorat Al Muthanna|Al Muthanna]] 
# [[Governorat Al-Qādisiyyah|Al-Qādisiyyah]] 
||
<ol start="10">
<li>[[Governorat Babil|Babil]] 
<li>[[Governorat Karbala|Karbala]]
<li>[[Governorat Najaf|An Najaf]] 
<li>[[Governorat Al Anbar|Al Anbar]]
<li>[[Governorat Ninawa|Ninawa]] 
<li>[[Governorat Dahuk|Dahuk]] 
<li>[[Governorat Arbil|Arbil]] 
<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk)
<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]]
||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px|ka|Peta jo angko-angko nan manunjuakan Governorat di Irak]]
|}
{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}}

[[Konstitusi Irak]] nan baru mampasiapan pambantuakan sajumlah region jo manggabuangan 1 governorat atau labiah. Kini baru ado 1 region - [[Kurdistan Irak]] - jo ado usulan supayo labiah banyak lai region nan dibantuak di salatan.

<!--
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Iraq}}
At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]].

Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s.

The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north.

While its proven oil reserves of 112 billion barrels ranks Iraq second in the world behind [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United States Department of Energy]] estimates that up to 90 percent of the country remains unexplored. Unexplored regions of Iraq could yield an additional 100 billion barrels. Iraq's oil production costs are among the lowest in the world. However, only about 2,000 [[oil well]]s have been drilled in Iraq, compared to about 1 million wells in [[Texas]] alone.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html US Department of Energy Information]</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Iraq}}
[[Berkas:Iraq 50 dinars Rewers.JPG|thumb|left|250px|An old 50 dinar bill]]

Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the [[Iran-Iraq War|eight-year war]] with [[Iran]] and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments. Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least [[US dollar|US$]]100 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. A combination of low oil prices, repayment of war debts (estimated at around [[US dollar|US$]]3 billion a year) and the costs of reconstruction resulted in a serious financial crisis which was the main short  term motivation for the [[Gulf War|invasion of Kuwait]].
[[Berkas:Tahrir_Sq-3D1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|A Rendering of Tahrir Square, the first phase of the [[Reconstruction of Iraq#The Proposed Baghdad Renaissance Plan|Baghdad Renaissance Plan]], a private investment reconstruction effort.]] 
On [[November 20]] [[2004]], the [[Paris Club]] of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members.  Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>Bohsem, Guido & Somerville, Glen, (November 20, 2004), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 <u>"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"<u>], ''Reuters'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> <!--This needs to be updated:  "By the end of 2005, some $75 billion of Iraq's debt should have been cancelled."  -->

<!--At the end of 2005, and in the first half of 2006, Iraq implemented a restructuring of about $20 billion of commercial debt claims on terms comparable to that of its November 2004 Paris Club agreement (i.e. with an 80% writeoff). Iraq offered to its larger claimants a U.S. dollar denominated bond maturing in 2028. Smaller commercial claimants received a cash settlement of comparable value.

===Reconstruction===
{{main|Reconstruction of Iraq}}
Reconstruction of Iraq has been difficult mainly due to the amount of damage done to Iraq's basic infrastructure, the influx of the US invasion and strife among factions within the native populace. Large-scale reconstruction efforts have had, at best, limited success.
-->

== Demografi ==
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref name="Issawi1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Philip Issawi|title=The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA17|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504951-0|page=17|accessdate=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=30 Oktober 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=2016-08-17}}</ref>
|title = Sejarah populasi dalam jutaan
|percentages = pagr
|1878 |2.0
|1947 |4.8
|1957 |6.3
|1977 |12.0
|1987 |16.3
|1997 |22.0
|2009 |31.6
|2015 | 37
}}
{{main|Demografi Irak}}
Pakiroan 2016 dari total panduduak Irak adolah 37.202.527. Populasi Irak dipakiroan 2 juta pado taun 1878. Pado 2013, populasi Irak mancapai 35 juta jiwa di tangah ladakan populasi pasca parang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |title=Iraqi population reaches about 35 million |publisher=Aswat Al Iraq |date=2013-04-27 |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |archivedate=January 14, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

75-80% panduduak Irak adolah [[bangso Arab]]; kalompok etnis utamo lainnyo adolah [[Urang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[Urang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Urang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), nan kabanyakan tingga di utara jo timur lauik nagari. Kalompok lainnyo adolah [[urang Persia]] jo [[urang Armenia|Armenia]] (kamungkinan katurunan budayo Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[urang Arab Marsh]] tingga di selatan Irak.

=== Bahaso ===
[[Bahaso Arab]] jo [[bahaso Kurdi|Kurdi]] adolah bahaso resmi. [[Neo-Aram Asiria|Bahaso Asiria]] jo [[bahaso Turkmen|Turkmen]] adolah bahaso rasmi di daerah-daerah nan baturuik-turuik didiami dek urang Asiria jo Turkmen. [[Bahaso Armenia]] jo [[bahaso Persia|Persia]] ditutuakan juo namun jarang. [[Bahaso Inggirih]] adolah bahaso Barat nan umum ditutuakan.

=== Kalompok Etnis jo Agamo ===
Dipakiroan 75-80% panduduak Irak adolah [[bangso Arab]]; kalompok etnis utamo  lainnyo adolah [[Urang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[Urang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Urang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), nan kabanyakan tingga di utara jo timur lauik nagari. Kalompok lainnyo adolah [[urang Persia]] jo [[urang Armenia|Armenia]] (kamungkinan katurunan budayo Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[urang Arab Marsh]] tingga di selatan Irak.
Komposisi etnis:
* Kalompok etnis: [[Bangso Arab|Arab]], 75–80%; [[suku Kurdi]], 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnyo 5%.
* Agamo: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnyo, 3%.

Proporsi:
Indak ado angko rasmi nan tasadio, tautamo karano sipeknyo nan sangaik politis.
Sumber: [[Britannica]]: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40%
Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%
* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnyo [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] jo sabagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] jo [[Kurdi Faili]] hampia sadonyo adolah pangikuik aliran [[Duo Baleh Imam]]
* [[Sunni]]: tadiri dari urang-urang [[Bangso Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] nan manganuik [[Mazhab Hanafi]] jo urang-urang [[Kurdi]] nan mamaluak [[Mazhab Syafi'i]]

Manuruik kabanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangso Irak adolah urang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] nan mawakili sakitar 40% dari saluruah populasi nan tadiri dari suku [[Bangso Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] jo [[Turkmen]]. Urang-urang Sunni menyangkal kareh angko-angko ini, tamasuak saurang bakeh duta basa Irak <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html |title="Iraqis By the Numbers" oleh FARUQ ZIADA |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-date=2011-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806215548/http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, nan mangacu ka sumber-sumber Amerika <ref>Peta tentang distribusi kelompok-kelompok agama, dari laporan Komisi Baker-Hamilton, hlm. 102</ref>. Mereka mengklaim baso banyak laporan atau sumber hanyo mancantumkan Sunni Arab hanyo sabagai 'Sunni', jo indak mamparetongan orang-urang Sunni Kurdi jo Sunni Turkmen. Sabagian bapandapek bahso [[Sensus Irak 2003]] mancaliakan baso urang-urang Sunni labiah banyak (mandominasi Irak)<ref>"Iraq 2003 Census: Sunnis 59%, Shiites 40%" dek Mohammed Alomari (faair.org) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029111039/http://cytations.blogspot.com/2006/03/iraq-2003-census-sunnis-59-shiites-40.html]</ref>. Etnis Assyria (kabanyakan daripadonyo adolah pamaluak [[Gereja Katolik Khaldea]] jo [[Gereja Assyria di Timur]]) mawakili sabagian tagadang panduduak [[Kristen]] Irak nan cukuik gadang, basamo-samo jo urang Armenia. [[Bahá'í|Pameluqk Bahá'í]], [[Mandeanisme]], [[Shabak]], jo [[Yezidi]] ado juo. Kabanyakan urang Kurdi adolah pamaluak Muslim Sunni, walaupun kaum Kurdi Faili (Feyli) umumnyo adolah Syi'ah.

== Budayo ==
{{main|Kabudayoan Irak}}
[[Berkas:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|jmpl|200px|Saurang gadih Irak nan tingga dakek Panyuliangan Minyak Al Daura.]]
Dalam milenium nan paliang mutakhir, Irak alah dibagi manjadi limo daerah budayo: Kurdi di utara nan bapusek di [[Arbil]], Arab Islam Sunni di tangah sakitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan nan bapusek di Basra, Assyria, sakalompok urang Kristen, nan tingga di babagai kota di utara, jo Arab Rawa, sakalompok urang nan bapindah-pindah, nan tingga di daerah barawa-rawa di sungai tangah. Pasa jo barter adolah bantuak padagangan nan lazim mareka  karajoan.

=== Musik ===
{{main|Musik Irak|Musik Kurdi|Musik Assyria}}

Irak dikenal tautamo karano alat musik nan disabuik ''[[oud]]'' (mirip jo [[lute]]) jo ''[[rabab]]''; bintang-bintangnyo tamasuak [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] jo [[Munir Bashir]], saurang Assyria. Hinggo kajatuahan Saddam Hussein, satasiun radio nan paliang populer adolah Suaro Pemuda. Satasiun iko mamainkan campuran musik [[rock]] barat, [[hip hop]] jo [[musik pop]], nan kasadonyo harus diimpor lewaik [[Yordania]] karano adonyo sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juo mamproduksi saurang bintang pop
pan-Arab pantiang nan hiduik di pangasiangan iyolah [[Kazem al Saher]], nan lagu-lagunyo mancakup ''Ladghat E-Hayya,'' nan dilarang karano kato-katanyo nan talampau kareh.

== Galeri ==
<center>
<gallery>
Tigris river Mosul.jpg|'''Sungai [[Tigris]] dakek [[Mosul]]'''
Ihstar Gate RB.JPG|'''[[Gerbang Ishtar]] (Bab Ishtar) 604-562 SM Babilonia Kuno'''
Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg|'''Menara [[Musajik Aguang Samarra|Malwiya]] di [[Samarra]]'''
</gallery>
<gallery>
Hatra ruins.jpg|'''Raruntuahan [[Hatra]]'''
Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg|'''[[Musajik Imam Ali|Tampek ziarah Imam Ali]] di [[Najaf]]'''
Boat on Euphrates.jpg|'''Parahu di Sungai [[Eufrat]]'''
</gallery>
</center>

== Caliak pulo ==
* [[Pembangunan kambali Irak]]
* [[Pembangunan kambali Irak#Usul Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad|Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad]]
* Ekonomi: [[Bursa Saham Irak]], [[Dinar Irak]], [[Ekonomi Irak]]
* Kajadian: [[2005 di Irak]], [[2004 di Irak]], [[Invasi Irak 2003]], [[Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang]], [[Pamberontakan di Irak]], [[Parang Irak]]
* Geografi: [[Daftar tampek di Irak]], [[Komunikasi di Irak]], [[Transportasi di Irak]]
* Kalompok: [[Suku Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[Syi’ah]], [[Sunni]], [[Asyur]], [[Suku Arab di Irak]], [[Maslawi]]
* Politik: [[Politik Irak]], [[Irak jo Demokrasi]], [[Tantara Irak Baru]], [[Hubunagan lua nagari Irak]], [[Palanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak]], [[Pamberontakan di Irak]], [[Parang sudaro di Irak]], M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance'', jo panganta dek Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1)
* Sajarah: [[Daftar rajo Irak]], [[Daftar presiden Irak]], [[Daftar pardano manaeri Irak]], [[Mandat Britania ateh Irak]], [[Sajarah Yahudi di Irak]], [[Parang Iran-Irak]], [[Sajarah astrologi]], [[Bulan sabik subur]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babilonia]]
* Literatur: [[Epos Gilgames]], [[Enuma Elish]], [[Atra-Hasis]]
* Lainnya: [[Perangko jo sajarah pos di Irak]], [[Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak]], [[Mitologi Mesopotamia]]
* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]]

== Referensi ==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>

== Bacaan labiah lanjuik ==
* Wawancara jo Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tantang pandelaritaan ratusan ribu pangungsi Irak [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185923/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262 |date=2007-03-13 }}
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. ISBN 0-8050-7602-6
* Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978
* Irak adolah salah satu setting utamo untuak novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon"
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, patualangan saurang seniman rasmi di Taman Eden, dek Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(faksimili nan dapek dicari di Papustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, dek Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) jo ilustrasi jo peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). ''(faksimili nan dapek dicari di Papustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''

== Pranala lua ==
{{sisterlinks|Iraq}}
=== Pamarintah ===
{{commons|Category:Iraq}}
{{wikivoyage|Iraq}}
* {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Situs rasmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208215316/http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ |date=2013-12-08 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Situs Otoritas Samantaro Koalisi] (arsip)
* {{en}} [http://www.iraqanalysis.org/ Iraq Analysis Group]
* {{en}} [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf Struktur pamarintahan baru Irak (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815210023/http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf |date=2006-08-15 }} (sajak 17 Juli 2006)
* {{en}} [http://www.krg.org/ Pamarintahan Regional Kurdistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173827/http://www.krg.org/ |date=2016-05-06 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Departemen Perindustrian jo Mineral]

== Caliak pulo ==
* [[Daftar nagara-nagara di dunia]]
* [[Daftar tokoh Irak]]
* [[Saddam Hussein]]

=== Tinjauan ===
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028042959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html |date=2009-10-28 }}
* [http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610185602/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm |date=2016-06-10 }}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314143019/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |date=2007-03-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020216031159/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] tamasuak Catatan Lata belakang, Studi nagara, jo laporan-laporan penting
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502204638/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form |date=2008-05-02 }}
* [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] dari Reuters AlertNet
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] dari [[The Economist]]

=== Barito ===
* [http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204038/http://electroniciraq.net/ |date=2018-02-18 }} from Electronic Iraq
* [http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq News in Depth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614084320/http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq |date=2006-06-14 }} from the Financial Times
* [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415113230/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq |date=2013-04-15 }}
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182557/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp |date=2008-06-10 }} Independent news about Iraq
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html Iraqis react with joy, anger to Hussein death sentence] CNN story on Hussein's death sentence

=== Lainnyo ===
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926182404/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 |date=2006-09-26 }}—A series of exclusive interviews and other resources capturing the voices of Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
* {{wikivoyage|Iraq}}
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]—A Washington DC-based nonprofit organization promoting a free and secure Iraq
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&amp;of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq]
* [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm Iraq Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111518/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm |date=2013-12-14 }} dari University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project
* [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/iraq-1900-2000/ 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq]
* [http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055028/http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/iraqi/fam_ir_slide/iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201010110/http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf |date=2007-12-01 }} - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)''

{{Timur Tangah}}

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