Gerakan 30 September
Gerakan 30 September (juo tanamo jo G30S, dan singkatan takah Gestapu untuak Gerakan September Tiga Puluh, juo sacaro indak rasmi disabuik Gestok untuak Gerakan Satu Oktober) marupoan organisasi nan manyabuik diri sabagai anggota Angkatan Basanjato Republik Indonesia. Pado jam-jam awal 1 Oktober 1965, mareka mambunuah anam urang jenderal Tentara Indonesia dalam sabuah kudeta nan indak bahasil.[1] Kudian pagiyo, organisasi itu manyatoan bahasonyo mereka manguasoi media jo saluran komunikasi sarato alah mambaok Presiden Soekarno ka dalam linduangannyo. Pado akhianyo, usaho kudeta gagal di Jakarta. Samantaro itu, di Jawa Tangah tajadi usaho untuak maambiak kontrol dari sabuah divisi tentara jo babarapo kota. Pado wakatu pambarontakan iko tajadi, duo urang perwira tinggi lai alah maningga.
Pado hari-hari jo minggu-minggu barikuiknyo, tentara, kelompok sosial politik, jo agamo manyabuik dalang kudeta adolah Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Indak lamo kamudian, pambarasiahan massal balangsuang, nan maakibaikan banyak urang dipanjaro jo kamatian banyak anggota dari simpatisan PKI nan resmi atau dicurigai. Di bawah Orde Baru sampai kini, gerakan iko biasonyo disabuik sabagai "G30S/PKI" dek urang-urang nan mangaikannyo jo PKI, dan istilah iko juo kadang-kadang digunoan dek pamarentah kini.[2]
Panyalidikan jo panalusuran terhadap kajadian-kajadian versi Suharto alah lamo dihalangi di Indonesia. Samantaro itu, Badan Intelijen Pusat (CIA) pado mulonyo picayo bahasonyo Soekarno manjadi pusek jalo,[3] babarapo temuan sumber lua manyabuik adonyo inkonsistensi jo lubang-lubang dalam klaim tantara, tarutamo Benedict Anderson jo Ruth McVey nan manulih Cornell Paper untuak manantangnyo.[4][5]
Investigations and questioning of Suharto's version of the events were long obstructed in Indonesia. While the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) initially believed that Sukarno orchestrated all of it, several outside sources found inconsistencies and holes in the army claims, notably Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey who wrote the Cornell Paper that challenged it.
Catatan kaki
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ "The assassination of generals on the morning of 1 October was not really a coup attempt against the government, but the event has been almost universally described as an 'abortive coup attempt,' so I have continued to use the term." Crouch 1978, p. 101.
- ↑ Roosa (2006) p. 29.
- ↑ THE LESSONS OF THE SEPTEMBER 30 AFFAIR Archived 26 November 2020 di Wayback Machine., CIA Library
- ↑ Anderson, Benedict R.; McVey, Ruth (1 June 1978). "What Happened in Indonesia?". New York Review of Books (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0028-7504.
- ↑ Chan, Sewell (2015-12-14). "Benedict Anderson, Scholar Who Saw Nations as 'Imagined,' Dies at 79". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-30.
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Sumber utamo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- "Selected Documents Relating to the 30 September Movement and Its Epilogue", Indonesia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1 (1): 131–205, April 1966, doi:10.2307/3350789, hdl:1813/53385
, JSTOR 3350789, diakses tanggal 20 September 2009 - The appendices of Roosa (2006) contain translations of two primary sources: a 1966 document by Supardjo and the 1967 court testimony of Kamaruzaman Sjam. Roosa also lists interviews he conducted which are archived at the Institute of Indonesian Social History in Jakarta.
Secondary sources
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Alham, Asahan, ed. (2002), Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil [In Another Person's Country: Poems By Exiled Indonesian Poets] (dalam bahasa Indonesia), Jakarta: Lontar Foundation, ISBN 978-979-8083-42-6
- Anderson, Benedict R.; McVey, Ruth T. (1971), A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965, Coup in Indonesia, Interim Reports Series, Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, ISBN 9780877630081, OCLC 210798.
- Anderson, Benedict (May–June 2000). "Petrus Dadi Ratu" [Killer Becomes King]. New Left Review. New Left Review. II (3): 7–15.
- Crouch, Harold (April 1973), "Another Look at the Indonesian "Coup"", Indonesia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 15 (15): 1–20, doi:10.2307/3350791, hdl:1813/53554 , JSTOR 3350791, diakses tanggal 18 September 2009
- Crouch, Harold (1978), The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Politics and International Relations of Southeast Asia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1155-6
- Curtis, Mark (2003), Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World, London: Vintage, ISBN 978-0-099-44839-6
- Fic, Victor M. (2005). Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: 1 October 1965: The Collusion with China which destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-554-6
- Heryanto, Ariel (2006), State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-37152-0
- Hill, David (2008), Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics (PDF) (Paper delivered at the 17th Biennial Conference on the Asian Studies Association of Australia), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 March 2012, diakses tanggal 16 March 2012
- Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-65-9
- Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "MI6 Spread Lies To Put Killer in Power", The Independent. (16 April 2000)
- Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "How we destroyed Sukarno", The Independent. (6 December 2000)
- Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1999), Britain's Secret Propaganda War, Sutton Pub Ltd, ISBN 0-7509-1668-0
- Nugroho Notosusanto & Ismail Saleh (1968) The Coup Attempt of the "30 September Movement" in Indonesia, P.T. Pembimbing Masa-Djakarta.
- Rafadi, Dedi & Latuconsina, Hudaya (1997) Pelajaran Sejarah untuk SMU Kelas 3 (History for 3rd Grade High School), Erlangga Jakarta. ISBN 979-411-252-6
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1982) A History of Modern Indonesia, MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-24380-3
- Roosa, John (2006). Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1.
- Schaefer, Bernd; Wardaya, Baskara T., ed. (2013), 1965: Indonesia and the World, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, ISBN 978-9-792-29872-7
- Scott, Peter (1985), "The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967", Pacific Affairs, 58 (2): 239–264, doi:10.2307/2758262, JSTOR 2758262
- Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965–1973))
- Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994) Gerakan 30 September Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi dan Penumpasannya (The 30 September Movement/Communist Party of Indonesia: Bankgrounds, Actions and its Annihilation) ISBN 979-083-002-5
- Sen, Krishna; Hill, David T. (2006). Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-979-3780-42-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=xMhWm38KQcsC.
- Simpson, Bradley (2008). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Sundhaussen, Ulf (1982) The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945–1967, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582521-7
- Wertheim, W.F. (1970) Suharto and the Untung Coup – the Missing Link, Journal of Contemporary Asia I No. 1 pp 50–57
