Caliak sumber untuak Diabetes melitus

{{Pambantahan medis}}{{Distinguish|Diabetes insipidus}}{{ANT}}{{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Diabetes melitus|pronounce={{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ə|'|b|iː|t|iː|z|,_|-|t|ə|s}}|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=200px|alt=A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre|caption=Lingkaran biru adolah simbol diabetes sadunia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007 |df= }}</ref>|field=[[Endokrinologi]]|symptoms=[[poliuria|Acok buang aia ketek]], [[polidipsia|acok auih]], [[polifagia|acok lapa]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|complications=[[Diabetik ketoasidosis]], [[status hiperosmolar hiperglikemia]], [[panyakik jantuang]], [[stroke]], [[gagal ginjal kronik]], [[tukak diabetikum|tukak kaki]], [[gastroparesis diabetikum|gastroparesis]]<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web |title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO |access-date=25 March 2014 |date=October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ |archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=Kit2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN | title = Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 1335–43 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19564476 | pmc = 2699725 | doi = 10.2337/dc09-9032 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnasamy |first1=S |last2=Abell |first2=TL |title=Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management. |journal=Diabetes Therapy : Research, Treatment and Education of Diabetes and Related Disorders |date=July 2018 |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 |pmid=29934758|pmc=6028327 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks='''Tipe 1''': [[riwayaik kaluarga]]<ref name=Change2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL | title = Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 2034–54 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24935775 | pmc = 5865481 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-1140 }}</ref><br>'''Type 2''': [[Obesitas]], jarang baolahraga, [[Hereditas|katurunan]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=NIH2014Cause>{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref>|diagnosis=[[Gulo darah tinggi]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Diet sihaik]], [[aktivitas fisik]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|medication=[[Insulin]], [[ubek antidiabetik]] co [[metformin]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=AFP09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ | title = Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19145963 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | df =  | url-status=live | archive-date = 2013-05-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |first=Erika F. |last=Brutsaert |date=February 2017 |accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=425 juta (8.8%)<ref name=IDF2017/>|deaths=3,2–5,0 juta per taun<ref name=IDF2017>{{cite book |last1=International Diabetes Federation |title=IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn. |date=2017 |publisher=Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation |url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org}}</ref>}}'''Diabetes melitus''', '''DM''' ({{lang-el|διαβαίνειν}}, ''diabaínein'', tabuak atau pincuran aia) ({{lang-la|mellitus}}, raso manih) nan juo tanamo di Indonesia jo istilah '''panyakik kanciang manih''' atau '''panyakik gulo''' adolah [[kalainan metabolik]] nan dicirikan jo gejala tinggi gulo darah jangko lamo ([[hiperglikemia]] kronis) sarato gangguan metabolisme [[karbohidrat]], [[lamak]], jo [[protein]], sabagai akibaik dari kurangnyo [[insulin]] nan dihasiakan tubuah (sekresi insulin), kaindakmampuan tubuah untuak mamanfaatkan insulin (''insulin resistance''), atau kaduonyo.<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass">{{cite web | author=[[World Health Organization]] Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance | title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications | year=1999 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf | format=PDF | access-date=2019-11-07 | archive-date=2014-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821000053/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0">Perkeni, P. B. (2015). [https://pbperkeni.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/4.-Konsensus-Pengelolaan-dan-Pencegahan-Diabetes-melitus-tipe-2-di-Indonesia-PERKENI-2015.pdf Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128023812/https://pbperkeni.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/4.-Konsensus-Pengelolaan-dan-Pencegahan-Diabetes-melitus-tipe-2-di-Indonesia-PERKENI-2015.pdf |date=2020-11-28 }}. ''Jakarta: PB Perkeni''.</ref> Glukosa (gulo darah) dalam tubuah dikandalikan dek babarapo hormon. Hormon insulin nan dihasiakan organ pankreas bakarajo untuak maubah glukosa manjadi glikogen (bantuak dari cadangan energi) katiko kadar gulo darah tinggi. Sadangkan hormon glukagon nan dihasiakan otot bakarajo untuak memacah glikogen manjadi sumber energi tubuah katiko gulo darah randah.<ref name="Green2011">{{cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref>

Kondisi gulo darah tinggi cando pado pandarito diabetes bisa indak taraso gejalanyo. Gejala nan biaso dialami pandarito diabetes antaro lain acok kajamban (poliuria), maraso auih taruih (polidipsi), sarato acok taraso lapa sainggo acok makan (polifagi).<ref name=":0" /> Kok kondisi diabetes indak taratasi atau gulo darah tinggi indak takandalian, mangko dapek mamicu baragam panyakik atau komplikasi. Di antaro komplikasi nan dapek muncua antaronyo tukak pado kaki atau kaki mambusuak (ulkus diabetikum), alzheimer, stroke, panyakik jantuang, karusakan pado mato (retinopati diabetikum), bahkan inggo kamatian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175861|title=Neurodegenerative disorders associated with diabetes mellitus|work=Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute for Human Nutrition; Ristow M.|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135149|title=(Pre)diabetes, brain aging, and cognition|work=Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo-RP; S Roriz-Filho J, Sá-Roriz TM, Rosset I, Camozzato AL, Santos AC, Chaves ML, Moriguti JC, Roriz-Cruz M.|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465095|title=[Endocrine abnormalities and vessels in patients with diabetes]|work=II. interní klinika Lékarské fakulty UK a FN Hradec Králové; Cáp J.|accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref><ref name="Kit2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032}}</ref>    

Panagahan sarato panangan panyakik diabetes utamonyo dilakukan jo parubahan gaya iduik manjadi gaya iduik sihaik. Gaya iduik sihaik nan paralu dijago antaro lain dari pola makan sihaik, olahraga rutin, manjago barek badan, sarato manjauahi kabiasaan marokok. <ref name=":0" /> Pado kondisi gulo darah tinggi nan indak taratasi dapek ditambah jo ubek, baiak ubek nan diminum atau ubek suntik.<ref name="WHO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|date=October 2013|website=WHO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|date=October 2013|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|df=}}</ref>    

Pado taun 2017, dipakirokan alah 425 juta urang mandarito diabetes melitus nan sapangkek jo 8,8% populasi urang gadang (dewasa) di dunia, marato pado aki-laki jo padusi.<ref name="IDF2017">{{cite book|last1=International Diabetes Federation|title=IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn.|date=2017|publisher=Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation|url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org}}</ref> Tiok taun angko kajadian diabetes melitus maningkek taruih. Diabetes juo maningkekan risiko kamatian duo kali lipek. Pado taun 2017, dipakirokan ado 3,2 inggo 5 juta kamatian. Sacaro global anggaran kasihatan nan tapakai untuak diabetes mancapai 727 miliar USD pado 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|title=Deaths and Cost {{!}} Data & Statistics {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} CDC|date=20 February 2019|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> DI [[Indonesia]] pado taun 2013 tacataik ado sakitar 8,5 juta pandarito (paringkek kaampek di [[Asia]] jo katujuah di dunia) sarato dipakirokan pado taun 2020 dapek maningkek inggo 12 juta pandarito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2014-01-20/simple-treatment-curb-diabetes.html|title=Simple treatment to curb diabetes|date=January 20, 2014|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202134207/http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2014-01-20/simple-treatment-curb-diabetes.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diabetesatlas.org/en/sections/demographic-and-geographic-outline.html|title=Demographic and geographic outline|website=diabetesatlas.org|language=EN|access-date=2019-11-13|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113132329/https://diabetesatlas.org/en/sections/demographic-and-geographic-outline.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Sijarah ==
Diabetes marupokan salah satu panyakik nan mulo-mulo dideskripsikan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ripoll|first=Brian C. Leutholtz, Ignacio|title=Exercise and disease management|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|edition=2nd|date=2011-04-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054841/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|archive-date=2016-04-03|df=}}</ref> Pado manuskrip [[Mesir]] dari 1500 sabalun masehi manyabuikan "talampau banyak mangosongan urin".<ref name="History2010">{{cite book|editor-first=Leonid|editor-last=Poretsky|title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3|archive-date=2016-04-04|df=}}</ref> [[Papirus Eber]] manyaratokan saran untuak minum pado kasus cando ko.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite magazine|last1=Roberts|first1=Jacob|title=Sickening sweet|magazine=Distillations|date=2015|volume=1|issue=4|pages=12–15|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Kasus nan partamo kali dideskripsikan dipicayoi adolah diabetes tipe 1.<ref name="History2010" /> Tabib-tabib India pado maso nan kurang labiah samo maidentifikasi panyakik tu jo mangalompokkannyo sabagai ''madhumeha'' atau "kanciang madu", dek dapek mambuek [[samuik]] katuju.<ref name="History2010" /><ref name="Roberts" />

Istilah "diabetes" atau "tabuak" partamo kali dipakai pado 230 taun sabalun masehi dek urang Yunani nan banamo [[Apollonius dari Memphis]].<ref name="History2010" /> Panyakik ko dianggap sarik tasuo salamo maso [[Kakaisaran Romawi]], sarato [[Galen]] manyabuik baso inyo hanyo mancaliak duo kasus salamo karirnyo.<ref name="History2010" /> Hal iko dimungkinkan dek pola makan jo gaya iduik urang-urang saisuak, atau dek gejala klinis nan baru tampak pado stadium lanjuik panyakik. Galen manamokan panyakik ko sabagai "diare urin" (''diarrhea urinosa'').<ref name="Laios">{{cite journal|vauthors=Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G|title=Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes|journal=Hormones|volume=11|issue=1|pages=109–13|year=2012|pmid=22450352|url=http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012,%20109-113.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092212/http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012%2C%20109-113.pdf|df=|url-status=live|archive-date=2017-01-04|doi=10.1007/BF03401545}}</ref> 

Tulisan mulo-mulo jo panjalehan langkok tantang diabetes adolah tulisan [[Aretaeus dari Cappadocia]] (pado abaik kaduo atau mulo abaik katigo masehi). Inyo manjalehan gejala jo pajalanan panyakik, nan inyo kaikkan jo kondisi lambok jo dingin. Inyo manjalehan pulo kamungkinan hubuangan jo panyakik lain, sarato inyo marundiangkan diagnosis bandiang dari [[gigitan ula]], nan juo mamicu raso auih bakalabiahan. Tulisannyo ko indak dikataui di Barat sampai 1552, katiko edisi bahaso Latin partamo kali dipublikasikan di [[Venezia]].<ref name="Laios" />

Duo tipe diabetes taidentifikasi sabagai kondisi nan babeda partamo kali dek tabib India [[Sushruta]] jo [[Charaka]] pado taun 400--500. Wakatu itu kaduonyo maidentifikasi tipe nan takaik umua mudo jo tipe nan takaik kalabiahan barek badan. Istilah ''melitus'' atau "dari madu" atau "manih" ditambahan dek Briton John Rolle pado akhia taun 1700-an untuak mambedakan dari [[diabetes insipidus]], nan samo-samo ditandoi jo acok kajamban. Pananganan panyakik nan efektif alun lai bakambang inggo mulo abaik ka-20, katiko urang Kanada, [[Frederick Banting]] jo [[Charles Herbert Best]], maisolasi jo mamurnikan [[insulin]] pado 1921 jo 1922. Hal iko diikuti jo pakambangan insulin jangko panjang pado 1940.<ref name="History2010" />

== Klasifikasi ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px"
|+Pabandiangan DM tipe 1 jo 2<ref name="Will2011" />
!
!DM Tipe 1
!DM Tipe 2
|-
!Awitan (''onset'')
|Mandadak
|Batahap
|-
!Umua
|Umumnyo anak
|Umumnyo urang gadang
|-
!Ukuran badan
|Kuruih atau normal<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ|title=What is Type 1 Diabetes?|journal=Medicine|volume=30|pages=1–5|year=2002|doi=10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264}}</ref>
|Often [[obese]]
|-
!Ketoasidosis
|Acok
|Jarang
|-
!Autoantibodi
|Biasonyo ado
|Indak ado
|-
!Insulin dalam tubuah
|Randah atau indak ado
|Normal, manurun atau
maningkek
|-
!Genetik 
pado kamba identik
|50%
|90%
|-
!Prevalensi
|~10%
|~90%
|}
Diabetes marupokan panyakik nan disababkan produksi insulin dari pankreas nan indak kurang,<ref name="Green20112">{{cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> atau sel tubuh indak marespon sasuai jo insulin nan ado. Ado tigo tipe utamo dari diabetes melitus:<ref name="WHO20132" />

* '''Diabetes tipe 1''' marupokan diabetes dek pankreas nan gagal mahasiakan insulin nan cukuik dek ilangnyo sel beta pankreas.<ref name="WHO20132" /> Tipe ko sabalunnyo disabuik sabagai "diabetes melitus nan bagantuang ka insulin" (''insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus''; IDDM) atau "diabetes anak". Ilangnyo sel beta pankreas dek adonyo respon autoimun.<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Hormones|last=Norman|first=Anthony|last2=Henry|first2=Helen|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780123694447|location=|pages=136-137}}</ref> Panyabab respon autoimun ko masih alun dikataui.<ref name="WHO20132" />
* '''Diabetes tipe 2''' diawali jo resistensi insulin (indak talok jo insulin), kondisi katiko sel-sel tubuah gagal marespon insulin sacaro sasuai. Sabagai bagian dari pajalanan panyakik, insulin nan gagal diproduksi dapek bakambang.<ref>{{cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus|year=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-489-9|page=235|edition=Rev. 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014172232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Tipe ko sabalunnyo disabuik jo "diabetes melitus nan indak bagantuang ka insulin" (''non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus''; NIDDM) atau "diabetes urang gadang". Panyabab paliang uum adolah kombinasi dari barek badan balabiah jo olahraga nan kurang.<ref name="WHO20132" />
* '''Diabetes gestasional''' marupokan diabetes tipe katigo nan tajadi samaso padusi manganduang tanpa ado riwayaik diabetes sabalunnyo nan dapek maalami paningkekan glukosa.<ref name="WHO20132" />

Ado pulo tipe kaampek nan disabuik "tipe lainnyo", kumpulan dari babarapo kasus parsaurangan.<ref name="Green20113" /> Diabetes marupokan panyakik nan punyo tampilan nan baragam nan dapek tadiri dari kombinasi-kombinasi tipe.<ref name="Tuomi2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L|title=The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity|journal=Lancet|volume=383|issue=9922|pages=1084–94|date=March 2014|pmid=24315621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9}}</ref> Istilah "diabetes", tanpa kualifikasinyo, marujuak pado diabetes melitus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2974|title=Definition of Diabetes mellitus|website=MedicineNet|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2020-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227194415/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2974|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Tando jo gejala ==
{| border="0" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="350px" bgcolor="#E2DEDE"
!<center><big>Tando-tando Diabetes</big></center>
|-
| bgcolor="#F2EDED" |
* Acok kajamban (''frequent urination'')

* Auih taruih (''excessive thirst'')
* Lapa bana (''increased hunger'')
* Kailangan barek badan (''weight loss'')
* Angok babaun buah (''fruity breath odor'')
* Latiah (''tiredness'')
* Kailangan paratian jo konsentrasi (''lack of interest and concentration'')
* Muntah jo nyeri lambuang, acok disangko flu (''vomiting and stomach pain, often mistaken as the flu'')
* Raso kapocong di tangan jo kaki (''a tingling sensation'')
* Kabuanyo pandangan (''blurred vision'')
* Acok infeksi (''frequent infections'')
* Luko nan indak amuah cegak (''slow-healing wounds'')
* Maompol wakatu tidur, pado anak-anak ataupun urang gadang (''bedwetting, in children and adults'')
|}
Tando-tando klasik dari diabetes nan indak diubek adolah panurunan barek badan (nan indak tarencana), acok kajamban (poliuria), marasu auih taruih (podipsia), jo acok taraso lapa (polifagia).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cooke DW, Plotnick L|title=Type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatrics|journal=Pediatr Rev|volume=29|issue=11|pages=374–84; quiz 385|date=November 2008|pmid=18977856|doi=10.1542/pir.29-11-374}}</ref> Gejala-gejala dapek bakambang sangaik capek (babarapo pakan atau bulan sajo) pado diabetes tipe 1, samantaro pado diabetes tipe 2 biasonyo bakambang jauah labiah lambek dan mungkin tanpa ado gejala samo sakali atau indak jaleh. Gejala lain nan dapek sato pulo yaitu badan acok taraso panek.<ref name="WHO2019Fact">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs138/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Diabetes mellitus|website=WHO|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> 

Ado tando-tando jo gejala-gejala lain nan dapek manunjuakan adonyo diabetes, walau hal iko indak baitu jaleh untuak diabetes. Di antaronyo adolah pandangan kabua, sakik kapalo, latiah, luko nan indak kunjuang cegak, inggo gata-gata. Tingginyo glukosa darah dalam wakatu lamo dapek mambuek panyerapan glukosa pado lensa mato, sainggo manyababkan parubahan bantuak, sarato tajamnyo pancaliakan. Dalam jangko lamo manjadi panyakik retinopati diabetikum (kalainan pado retina mato).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpbVCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP6|title=Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention|last=Rockefeller|first=J.D.|date=2015|isbn=978-1-5146-0305-5|language=en}}</ref> 

=== Kadaruratan diabetes ===
Pandarito (biasonyo diabetes tipe 1) dapek juo maalami kondisi daruraik nan disabuik ketoasidosis diabetikum. Kondisi ko marupokan masalah metabolisme barupo paningkekan gulo darah (> 300 mg/dL) nan dicirikan jo raso mual, muntah, nyeri paruik, angok baun aseton (sarupo baun buah), angok nan dalam (''Kussmaul breathing''), inggo panurunan kasadaran.<ref name="ADA2009">{{cite journal|author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full}}</ref>

Kondisi lain nan samo daruraik jo bareknyo, tapi agak jarang yaitu Koma hiperosmolar nonketotik (''hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state''; HHS). Hal ko labiah umum pado diabetes tipe 2 nan utamonyo disababkan adonyo dehidrasi.<ref name="ADA2009" />

Gulo darah randah dek ubek (''treatment-related low blood sugar'') bisa manjadi kondisi daruraik pado pandarito diabetes baiak tipe 1 atau 2. Kabanyakan kasus masih dalam kondisi nan cukuik ringan. Efek nan timbua di antaronyo badan taraso indak lamak (''feeling of unease''), bapaluah, gamataran, paningkekan nafsu makan, inggo kondisi labiah barek sarupo paniang, parubahan parilaku (manjadi parabo), kajang, panurunan kasadaran, sarato (nan jarang) karusakan utak permanan atau kamatian.<ref name="Kenny2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kenny C|title=When hypoglycemia is not obvious: diagnosing and treating under-recognized and undisclosed hypoglycemia|journal=Primary Care Diabetes|volume=8|issue=1|pages=3–11|date=April 2014|pmid=24100231|doi=10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002|url=http://www.primary-care-diabetes.com/article/S1751-9918(13)00113-7/fulltext}}</ref><ref name="Verrotti2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Verrotti A, Scaparrotta A, Olivieri C, Chiarelli F|title=Seizures and type 1 diabetes mellitus: current state of knowledge|journal=European Journal of Endocrinology|volume=167|issue=6|pages=749–58|date=December 2012|pmid=22956556|doi=10.1530/EJE-12-0699|df=}}</ref> Angok capek jo bapaluah, dingin, kulik pucek marupokan ciri dari gulo darah randah juo tapi indak baitu spesifik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/symptoms-of-low-blood-sugar-topic-overview|title=Symptoms of Low Blood Sugar|website=WebMD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618163454/http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/symptoms-of-low-blood-sugar-topic-overview|archive-date=18 June 2016|access-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live|df=}}</ref> 

=== Komplikasi ===
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|image1=Diabetic retinopathy-NIE.gif|width1=320|caption1='''[[Retinopati diabetikum]]''', adolah panyakik mato nan utamonyo dek diabetes, marusak retina di kaduo balah mato, mambuek masalah pancaliakan inggo buto.|image2=ULCERCELLULITIS1.JPG|width2=320|caption2=Tukak pado kaki adolah komplikasi umum pado diabetes dan dapek maakibaikkan amputasi. .}}Sadoalah bantuak diabetes maningkekan risiko komplikasi dalam jangko lamo. Hal iko bakambang sasudah 10-20 taun, tapi bisa sajo gejala partamo muncua pado urang nan alun tadiagnosis salamo wakatu tasabuik.

Komplikasi utamo jangko panjang adolah rusaknyo pambuluah darah. Pandarito diabetes duo kali labiah barisiko untuak mandapek panyakik jantuang pambuluah darah (kardiovaskular)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J|title=Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies|journal=The Lancet|volume=375|issue=9733|pages=2215–22|year=2010|pmid=20609967|pmc=2904878|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9}}</ref> jo sakitar 75% kamatian akibaik diabetes dek panyakik jantuang koroner.<ref>{{cite journal|author=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW|title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.|journal=Circulation|volume=127|issue=4|pages=e362–425|date=29 January 2013|pmid=23247304|doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6}}</ref> Panyakik pambuluah darah gadang lainnyo adolah stroke, jo panyakik pambuluah darah tapi (''peripheral vascular disease''). 

Komplikasi pambuluah darah mikro dek diabetes tamasuak karusakan pado mato, ginjal, jo saraf. Karusakan pado mato tanamo jo retinopati diabetikum, nan disababkan dek karusakan pambuluah darah pado retina, jo dapek barakibaik pado kailangan pancaliakan sacaro baransua-ansua inggo akhianyo buto. Karusakan pado ginjal tanamo sabagai nefropati diabetikum, dapek mambuek paruik, ilang protein, jo kadang-kadang maalami ginjal kronis, nan bisa paralu hemodialisa (cuci darah) atau transplantasi ginjal (donor ginjal). Karusakan pado saraf tanamo sabagai neuropati diabetikum, nan biasonyo marupokan komplikasi utamo dari diabetes. Gejala-gejala dapek maliputi raso taba, kapocong, nyeri, jo sensasi nyeri lainnyo, nan bisa mambuek karusakan pado kulik. Ulkus diabetikum (tukak pado kaki contohnyo) buliahjadi muncua, jo sulik ditangani, kadang paralu amputasi. Sabagai tambahan, neuropati diabetikum proksimal (pado daerah pangka) dapek membuek nyeri pado otot inggo malamah.<ref name="WHO_DMComp">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/index3.html|title=Diabetes Programme|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref>

Ado ubuangan antaro bakurangnyo kognitif jo diabetes. Dibandiangkan urang nan indak diabetes, pandarito diabetes maalami panurunan fungsi kognitif 1,2 inggo 1,6 kali labiah gadang.<ref name="cognitive">{{cite web|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4/fulltext.html|title=Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies|date=8 Nov 2005|publisher=Springer-Verlag|accessdate=28 Apr 2013|author=Cukierman, T}}</ref>

== Diagnosis&nbsp;==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+Kriteria diagnosis diabetes manuruik WHO<ref name="who2006">{{cite book|title=Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|page=21|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159493-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vijan|first=S|title=Type 2 diabetes|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|date=March 2010|volume=152|issue=5|page=ITC31-15|pmid=20194231|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003}}</ref>
!Kondisi
!glukosa 2 jam
!gulo darah puaso (GDP)
! colspan="2" |HbA<sub>1c</sub>
|-
|''Unit''
|''mmol/l(mg/dl)''
|''mmol/l(mg/dl)''
|''mmol/mol''
|''DCCT %''
|-
| width="34%" |Normal
|<7.8 (<140)
|<6.1 (<110)
|<42
|<6.0
|-
|Gulo darah puaso taganggu
|<7.8 (<140)
|≥6.1(≥110) & <7.0(<126)
|42-46
|6.0–6.4
|-
|Toleransi glukosa taganggu
|≥7.8 (≥140)
|<7.0 (<126)
|42-46
|6.0–6.4
|-
|Diabetes melitus
|≥11.1 (≥200)
|≥7.0 (≥126)
|≥48
|≥6.5
|}
Diabetes melitus ditandoi jo paningkekan kadar gulo darah nan barulang atau jangko lamo, sarato bisa ditagakan diagonosisnyo jo pamaresoan barikuik:<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass2" />

* Gulo darah puaso (GDP) ≥&nbsp;7,0&nbsp;mmol/l (126&nbsp;mg/dl)
* Gulo darah plasma ≥&nbsp;11,1&nbsp;mmol/l (200&nbsp;mg/dl) duo jam sasudah konsumsi 75&nbsp;gram glukosa oral malalui tes toleransi glukosa oral (TTGO)
* Gejala gulo darah tinggi jo kadar gulo darah sawakatu (GDS) ≥&nbsp;11,1&nbsp;mmol/l (200&nbsp;mg/dl)
* Hemoglobin glikat (HbA<sub>1C</sub>) ≥&nbsp;48&nbsp;mmol/mol (≥&nbsp;6,5%).<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=33|page=S3|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full|title="Diabetes Care" January 2010|access-date=29 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113212053/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full|archive-date=13 January 2010|doi=10.2337/dc10-S003|pmid=20042773|pmc=2797388|year=2009}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Testing Blood Sugar Levels.jpg|jmpl|Pamaresoan gulo darah malalui pambuluah darah kapiler di jari tangan|266x266px]]Pado urang nan dicurigai diabetes, tapi hasia pamaresoan gulo darahnyo maragukan, paralu dipastikan baliak jo maulang salah satu dari pamaresoan di ateh pado ari lain. Labiah disukoi untuak mamareso kadar gulo darah puaso dek kamudahan pangukurannyo. Manuruik definisi paliang baru, duo kali pamaresoan gulo darah puaso di ateg 7,0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) alah bisa untuak managakan diagnosis diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL|title=Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=24|issue=8|pages=1397–402|date=August 2001|pmid=11473076|doi=10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397}}</ref>

Manuruik WHO, urang jo kadar gulo darah puaso antaro 6,1 inggo 6,9 mmol/l (110 inggo 125 mg/dl) dianggap alah ado kondisi gulo darah puaso taganggu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia : report of a WHO/IDF consultation|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|page=21|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159493-6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072821/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> Urang jo glukosa plasma pado atau di ateh 7,8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl), tapi indak labiah dari 11,1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl), duo jam sasudah konsumsi glukosa oral 75 gram, mangko alah dapek dianggap dalam kondisi toleransi glukosa taganggu. Pado duo kondisi prediabetes ko, nan disabuik tarakhia labiah bakamungkinan untuak bakambang manjadi sapanuahnyo diabetes melitus, sarato gangguan kardiovaskular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm|title=Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose|website=Summary of Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, No. 128|publisher=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916030540/http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm|archive-date=16 September 2008|access-date=20 July 2008|vauthors=Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, Booker L, Yazdi H|url-status=live}}</ref> Asosiasi Diabetes Amerika (''The American Diabetes Association''; ADA) sajak 2003 mampagunokan rantang angko nan saketek babeda pado kondisi gulo darah puaso taganggu yaitu antaro 5,6 inggo 6,9 mmol/l (100 inggo 125 mg/dl).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP|title=The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=8–12|date=February 2011|pmid=21238885|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008}}</ref>

Hemoglobin glikat labiah rancak daripado gulo darah puaso untuak manantukan risiko panyakik kardiocaskular sarato kamatian dek panyabab apopun.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL|title=Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=9|pages=800–11|date=March 2010|pmid=20200384|pmc=2872990|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0908359|citeseerx=10.1.1.589.1658}}</ref>

== Panagahan ==
Alun dikataui caro untuak managah diabetes tipe 1.<ref name="WHO20133" /> Diabetes tipe 2, 85–90% dari sadoalah kasus diaebtes, acok dapek ditagah atau ditunda jo mangandalian barek badan, marutinkan aktivitas fisik, sarato makan makanan sihaik.<ref name="WHO20133" /> Aktivitas fisik jo intensitas tinggi  (labiah dari 90 minik per ari) dapek manurunkan risiko diabetes 28%.<ref name="BMJ2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH|title=Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=BMJ|volume=354|pages=i3857|date=August 2016|pmid=27510511|pmc=4979358|doi=10.1136/bmj.i3857}}</ref> Maubah pola makan manjadi labiah sihaik dapek pulo managah diabetes tamasuak maatua pola makan nan tinggi serat, mamiliah nan lamak baiak, sarupo lamak indak januah nan dapek tasuo pado kacang, minyak sayua, jo ikan.<ref name="HarvardNutrition">{{cite web|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references|title=The Nutrition Source|date=2012-09-18|publisher=Harvard School of Public Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425020720/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references|archive-date=25 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|url-status=live|df=}}</ref> Pambatasan gulo jo makan makanan randah dagiang sirah atau sumber lamak januah dapek pulo mambantu untuak managah diabetes.<ref name="HarvardNutrition" /> Marokok juo dapek diubuangkan jo paningkekan risiko diabetes sarato komplikasinyo; sainggo baranti marokok manjadi langkah utamo dalam panagahan diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J|title=Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=JAMA|volume=298|issue=22|pages=2654–64|date=December 2007|pmid=18073361|doi=10.1001/jama.298.22.2654}}</ref>

Hubuangan antaro diabetes tipe 2 jo faktor risiko nan dapek diubah (barek badan balabiah, makanan indak sihaik, kurang aktivitas fisik, sarato marokok) samo di sadoalah tampek di dunia. Ado juo panilitian nan bakambang untuak mambuktian baso diabetes dapek disababkan dek tuntutan sosial, ekonomi, jo perubahan budayo: globalisasi, urbanisasi, populasi manuo, jo kabijakan lingkuangan sihaik umum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf|title=Chronic diseases and their common risk factors|date=2005|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172040/http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-17|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Pangalolaan ==
[[Berkas:ABCs_of_Diabetes.webm|jmpl|Rangkuman pangalolaan diabetes (bahaso Inggirih)]]
Diabetes marupokan panyakik kronis, panyakik nan balansuang lamo sainggo alun dapek ditantuan ubek pastiyo salain panaganan sasuai kondisi.<ref name="webmd">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/is-there-a-diabetes-cure|title=No cure for diabetes|website=WebMD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521152959/http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/is-there-a-diabetes-cure|archive-date=2015-05-21|access-date=21 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Pangalolaan kadar gulo darah sanormal mungkin, tanpa mambuek gulo darah randah manjadi target utamo dalam maubeknyo. Samakin barhasil katiko dipadukan jo pola iduik sihaik sarupo manjado makanan, olahraga rutin, mangandalian barek badan, sarato mamakai ubek nan sasuai (insulin pado diabetes tipe 1; ubek minum sarato mamungkinkan pulo ditambah insulin pado diabetes tipe 2).

Mandalami tantang panyakik sarato turuik aktif dalam satiok pangobatan dapek mambuek komplikasi jarang muncua pado urang-urang nan bisa mangalola gulo darah sacaro baiak.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=|title=The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=122|issue=8|pages=561–68|date=April 1995|pmid=7887548|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B|title=Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=25|pages=2643–53|date=December 2005|pmid=16371630|pmc=2637991|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052187}}</ref> Tujuan pangubatan adolah kadar HbA<sub>1C</sub> 6,5%.<ref name="NICE66">{{NICE|66|Type 2 diabetes|2008}}</ref> Paratian juo dilabiahan pado masalah-masalah kasihatan lain nan dapek mampacapek efek buruak diabetes tamasuak marokok, kadar kolesterol dalam darah tinggi, obesitas, takanan darah tinggi, jo kurangnyo baolahraga.<ref name="NICE66" /> Aleh kaki khusus sacaro laweh dipakai untuak mangurangi risiko tukak kaki.<ref name="pmid15150815">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cavanagh PR|title=Therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=20 Suppl 1|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S51–55|year=2004|pmid=15150815|doi=10.1002/dmrr.435}}</ref>

=== Ubek ===

==== Kandali glukosa ====
{{see also|Ubek antidiabetik}}Ubek-ubek nan dipakai untuak maubek diabetes ditargetkan untuak manurunkan kadar gulo darah. Dalam konsensus alah dirumuskan baso katiko pandarito diabetes malakukan kandali arek pado gulo darahnyo supayo dalam rantang normal mangko risiko komplikasi akan manurun.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI|title=Glycemic Control as Primary Prevention for Diabetic Kidney Disease|journal=Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease|volume=25|issue=2|pages=141–148|date=March 2018|pmid=29580578|doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rosberger DF|title=Diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and emerging therapy|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|volume=42|issue=4|pages=721–45|date=December 2013|pmid=24286948|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2013.08.001}}</ref>

Ado banyak kelas atau jinih ubek antidiabetik. Babarapo hanyo tasadio untuak diminum, sarupo metformin, samantaro nan lain ado nan hanyo tasadio dalam bantuak suntik sarupo GLP-1 agonis. Diabetes tipe 1 hanyo dapek diubek jo insulin, umumnyo jo kombinasi insulin regular jo NPH, atau insulin analog sintetik.

Metformin biasonyo direkomendasikan pado lini partamo ubek untuak diabetes tipe 2, alah ado pulo bukti baso dapek manurunkan risiko kamatian.<ref name="Drugs20052">{{cite journal|vauthors=Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ|title=Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=Drugs|volume=65|issue=3|pages=385–411|date=2005|pmid=15669880|doi=10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005}}</ref> Ubek ko bakarajo jo manurunkan produksi glukosa hepar (hati).<ref name="Drugs2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ|title=Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=Drugs|volume=65|issue=3|pages=385–411|date=2005|pmid=15669880|doi=10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005}}</ref> Babarapo kalompok ubek lain, umumnyo lewaik muluik, dapek menurunkan kadar gulo darah pado DM tipe 2. Hal iko tamasuak agen nan dapek maningkekan pangaluaran insulin, manurunkan panyerapan gulo dari usus, agen nan mambuek tubuah labiah sensitif jo insulin, jo agen na maningkekan pangaluaran glukosa balabiah pado urin.<ref name="Drugs2005" /> Katiko insulin dipakai pado diabetes tipe 2, racikan ubek nan bakarajo jangko lamo nan biasonyo ditambahkan mulo-mulo, samantaro malanjuikan ubek minum.<ref name="AFP09">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ|title=Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=American Family Physician|volume=79|issue=1|pages=29–36|date=January 2009|pmid=19145963|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf|df=|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-05-05}}</ref> 

==== Takanan darah ====
Sajak panyakik kardiovaskular manjadi komplikasi serius dari diabetes, babarapo panaliti alah marekomendasikan untuak manurunkan takanan darah dibawah 130/80 mmHg.<ref name="nps01">{{cite journal|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/4/108/12|title=Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure|author=Nelson, Mark|journal=Australian Prescriber|issue=33|pages=108–12|access-date=11 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826074015/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/4/108/12|archive-date=26 August 2010|df=}}</ref> Di antaro ubek nan manurunkan takanan darah, paambek enzim konversi angiotensin (''angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors''; ACEI) tabukti mamparancak kondisi urang jo diabetes samantaro ubek nan sarupo (paambek reseptor angiotensin atau ''angiotensin receptor blockers''; ARB) indak tabukti.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Li Q, Chen J|title=Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=174|issue=5|pages=773–85|date=May 2014|pmid=24687000|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348}}</ref> Aspririn direkomendasikan pulo pado urang jo masalah kardiovaskular, namun pamakaian rutin indak tasuo mamparancak kaluaran diabetes nan indak bakomplikasi.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS|title=Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1395–402|date=June 2010|pmid=20508233|pmc=2875463|doi=10.2337/dc10-0555}}</ref>

== Caliak pulo ==

* [[Hiperglikemia]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Sindrom metabolik]]

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pautan lua ==
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| ICD10={{ICD10|E|10||e|10}}–{{ICD10|E|14||e|10}}
| ICD9={{ICD9|250}}
| MedlinePlus=001214
| eMedicineSubj=med
| eMedicineTopic=546
| eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|134}}
| MeSH=D003920|
}}
{{Sister project links|display=Diabetes mellitus}}
<!-- BEFORE inserting new links here you should first post it to the talk page, otherwise your edit is likely to be reverted; this section is reserved for official or authoritative resources -->
* {{Curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Endocrine_Disorders/Pancreas/Diabetes/}}
* [http://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association]
* [http://www.diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas]
* [http://ndep.nih.gov/ National Diabetes Education Program]
* [http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019]
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–40 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 }}

[[Kategori:Panyakik endokrin]]
[[Kategori:Kalainan metabolisme]]
[[Kategori:Diabetes]]