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Daftar pangapuangan kabakeh Konstantinopel

Wikipedia Minangkabau - Lubuak aka tapian ilimu
Peta topografi Konstantinopel pado masa Bizantium, sasuai jo distrik Fatih di Istanbul pado maso kini. Kota iko dikenal sabagai Bizantium di bawah Kakaisaran Romawi.

Barikuik iko adolah daftar pangapuangan kabakeh Konstantinopel, kota basijarah nan talatak di wilayah nan kini manjadi bagian dari Istanbul, Turki. Konstantinopel dibangun di ateh daratan nan maubuangan Eropa jo Asia malalui Bosporus dan maubuangan Lauik Marmara jo Lauik Hitam. Sabagai kota lintas benua nan barado di Jalur Sutra, Konstantinopel punyo nilai strategis bagi banyak kakaisaran jo karajaan nan mancuba manaklukkannyo sapanjang sijarah.

Mulonyo dikenal sabagai Bizantium pado Zaman Klasik, pangapuangan patamo nan tacataik di kota iko tajadi pado tahun 510 SM dek Kakaisaran Achaemenid di bawah komando Otanes. Sasudah pangapuangan nan sukses iko, kota iko jatuah di bawah kakuasaan Persia hinggo maraih kamerdekaannyo kembali, dan sakitar tahun 70 SM kota iko manjadi bagian dari Republik Romawi, nan kudian digantian dek Kakaisaran Romawi. Meskipun manjadi bagian dari Roma, kota iko marupoan kota nan bebas hinggo dikapuang dek Septimius Severus antaro tahun 193-196 jo sabagian dijarah salamo parang saudara. Sasudah dirabuik dek Konstantinus Agung pado tahun 324, kota iko manjadi ibu kota Kekaisaran Romawi, dengan nama Roma Baru. Kota iko kudian dikenal sabagai Konstantinopel, dan pado tahun-tahun barikuiknyo kota iko disarang dek Bizantium nan mamparabuikan takhta dan juo dek kakuatan asiang sabanyak 22 kali. Kota iko tetap barado di bawah kakuasaan Bizantium hingga Kakaisaran Ottoman maambiak aliah akibaik pangapuangan pado tahun 1453, nan dikenal sabagai Karuntuhan Konstantinopel, dan sasudah itu indak ado lai pangapuangan nan tajadi.

Konstantinopel dikapuang sebanyak 36 kali sapanjang sijarahnyo. Dari sapuluah pangapuangan nan tajadi salamo manjadi negara kota dan sangkek barado di bawah kakuasaan Romawi, anam berhasil, tigo dipukua mundua, dan ciek berhasil dicabuik berkat kasapakatan antaro kaduo balah pihak. Tigo dari pengepungan iko dilakuan dek Romawi nan mangklaim takhta salamo parang saudara. Dari sado pangapuangan nan tajadi sajak didirian dek Konstantin Agung hinggo tahun 1453, hanyo tigo nan berhasil, 21 gagal, dan tigo lainnya dicabuik malalui kasapakatan basamo. Ampek dari pangapuangan iko tajadi salamo parang saudara. Pangapuangan Konstantinopel nan tajadi pado tahun 1204 salamo Perang Salib Kaampek manyebabkan kota iko jatuah dan ditetapkan sabagai ibu kota Kekaisaran Latin. Hal iko juo mambuek dinasti kekaisaran Bizantium mangasiangkan diri, dan managakan Kakaisaran Nicea. Konstantinopel kembali barado di bawah kakuasaan Bizantium pado tahun 1261, nan mamarentah salamo ampiang duo abaik. Kota iko dirabuik dek Ottoman dengan pangapuangan pado tahun 1453, dan akibaiknya Kakaisaran Bizantium pun barakhia. Kota iko barado di bawah kakuasaan Turki sajak pangapuangan terakhir, kecuali untuak periode pandudukan Sekutu dari tahun 1920 hinggo 1923.

Daftar pangapuangan

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Wakatu Panyarang Partahanan Kakuatan Hasil[lower-alpha 1] Rujuakan
510 BC Achaemenid Empire Byzantium Lauik jo darat Berhasil [1][2][3][4]
478 BC Delian League Achaemenid Empire Naval Berhasil [5][6][7][8][9]
408 BC Athens Byzantium, Megara, Boeotia Lauik jo darat Berhasil [10][11][12][13][14]
340–339 BC Macedonia Byzantium, Athens Lauik jo darat Gagal [15][16][17][18][19]
278–277 BC Galatians Byzantium Darat Dicabuik[lower-alpha 2] [20][21][22][23]
251 BC Seleucid Empire Byzantium, Heraclea Pontica,
Ptolemaic Kingdom 		Lauik jo darat Gagal [24][25][26]
73–72 BC Pontus Byzantium Lauik jo darat Gagal[lower-alpha 3] [29][30][31][32][28]
193–194 Septimius Severus Pescennius Niger Lauik jo darat Berhasil [33][34][35][36][37]
313 Maximinus II Licinius Darat Berhasil [38][39][40][41][42]
324 Constantine the Great Licinius Lauik jo darat Berhasil [43][44][45][46]
378 Goths Roman Empire Darat Gagal [47][48][49]
626 Pannonian Avars, Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [50][51][52]
654 Rashidun Caliphate Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [53][54]
669 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [55][56][57][58]
674–678 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [59][60][61][62]
715 Theodosius III, Byzantine Empire Anastasios II, Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Berhasil [63][64][65]
717–718 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [66][67][68]
813 First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal [69][70][71][72]
821–822 Thomas the Slav Michael II Lauik jo darat Gagal [73][74][75]
860[lower-alpha 4] Rus' Khaganate Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [76][77][78]
907 Kievan Rus' Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [79][80][81]
913 First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal Templat:CN
921 First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal [82]
923 First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal Templat:CN
941 Kievan Rus' Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal [83][84][85]
1047 Leo Tornikios Constantine IX Monomachos Darat Gagal [86][87][88]
1203 Crusaders Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Dicabuik [89][90][91][92]
1204 Crusaders Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Berhasil [93][94][95][96]
1235–1236 Empire of Nicaea, Second Bulgarian Empire Latin Empire, Duchy of the Archipelago Lauik jo darat Gagal [97][98][99]
1260-1261 Empire of Nicaea Latin Empire Lauik jo darat Berhasil [100][98][101][102]
1376 Andronikos IV Palaiologos, Genoa John V Palaiologos Darat Berhasil [103][104][105]
1391 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal[lower-alpha 5] [106][107][108][109]
1394–1402[lower-alpha 6] Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Gagal[lower-alpha 7] [111][110][112][113]
1411 Musa Çelebi Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal[lower-alpha 8] [114][115][116][117]
1422 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Darat Gagal[lower-alpha 9] [118][119][120][121]
1453 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Lauik jo darat Berhasil [122][123][124][125]

Catatan kaki

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  1. ↑ The "Result" column is relative to the side that carries out the siege.
  2. ↑ As a result of the agreement reached with the mediator of Bithynia, the siege was lifted.
  3. ↑ While some sources have used Cicero and Tacitus's writings as a reference to argue that the city was in fact under a siege until it "repelled the enemies", other ancient writings found mention that a siege was planned through the sea but did not take place because of stormy weather conditions.[27][28]
  4. ↑ Byzantine sources give 860 and Russian sources give 866 as the year in which this siege occurred, although it is accepted that the latter is wrong.
  5. ↑ The besieging army retreated after Byzantine allies,the Hungarians attacked the Ottoman lands.
  6. ↑ The year in which the siege started is controversial. Fahameddin Başar, Halil İnalcık and Konstantin Josef Jireček gave it as 1394, while Feridun Emecen and Haldun Eroğlu believed that it was 1396. In addition, some sources mention that the siege started in 1391 and ended in 1396, and that between these years, there was only one siege, the severity of which increased and decreased from time to time.[106][110]
  7. ↑ The siege was lifted after Timur attacked the Ottoman lands.
  8. ↑ The siege was lifted after Mehmed Çelebi's move to Rumeli territory to fight against Musa Çelebi.
  9. ↑ The siege was lifted after Mustafa Çelebi's move to Anatolian lands to fight against Murad II.

Catatan

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  1. ↑ Herodotos (2012). Tarih. Müntekim Ökmen, çev. (edisi ke-8). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. p. 392. ISBN 978-975-458-721-0. 
  2. ↑ Vasilev, Miroslav Ivanov (2015) (dalam bahaso en). The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia. Lahey: Brill. p. 86. doi:10.1163/9789004282155. ISBN 978-90-04-28214-8. 
  3. ↑ Kuban, Doğan (1993). "Bizantion". Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi. 2. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları. pp. 258–260. 
  4. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 169.
  5. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 1.
  6. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 78.
  7. ↑ Harris, Jonathan (2017) (dalam bahaso en). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (edisi ke-2). Londra: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 26. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00246_52.x. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. 
  8. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 538.
  9. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 191.
  10. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 39.
  11. ↑ Arslan, Murat (2011), "Alkibiades'in Khalkhedon ve Byzantion Kuşatması: Nedenleri ve Sonuçları", dalam Şahin, Hamdi; Konyar, Erkan; Engin, Gürkan, Özsait Armağanı: Mehmet ve Nesrin Özsait Onuruna Sunulan Makaleler, Antalya: Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, hlm. 9–22, ISBN 978-605-4018-09-3 
  12. ↑ Grote, George (2001) (dalam bahaso en). A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 B.C.. Londra: Routledge. p. 884. ISBN 0-415-22369-5. 
  13. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 119.
  14. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 221.
  15. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 197.
  16. ↑ Sevin, Veli (2016). Anadolu'nun Tarihi Coğrafyası I (edisi ke-4). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. p. 24. ISBN 978-975-16-0984-7. 
  17. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 143.
  18. ↑ Tekin, Oğuz (2001). Byzas'tan I. Constantinus'a Kadar Eskiçağ'da İstanbul (edisi ke-2). İstanbul: Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları. p. 33. ISBN 978-975-7938-04-0. 
  19. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 275.
  20. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 81.
  21. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 233.
  22. ↑ Arslan 2007, hlm. 56.
  23. ↑ Arslan, Murat (January–February 2014). "Galatların Byzantion Kuşatması". Aktüel Arkeoloji. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları (37): 68–75. ISSN 1307-5756. 
  24. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 92.
  25. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 243.
  26. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 310.
  27. ↑ Arslan, Murat (2007). Mithradates VI Eupator: Roma'nın Büyük Düşmanı. İstanbul: Odin Yayıncılık. p. 334. ISBN 978-91-20-21979-0. 
  28. ↑ a b Yavuz 2014, hlm. 344.
  29. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 129.
  30. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 343.
  31. ↑ Arslan 2007, hlm. 334.
  32. ↑ Grillo, Luca (2015) (dalam bahaso en). Cicero's De Provinciis Consularibus Oratio. Londra: Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-022459-2. 
  33. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 133.
  34. ↑ Arslan 2010, hlm. 430.
  35. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 166.
  36. ↑ Freely 2011, hlm. 109.
  37. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 365.
  38. ↑ Sextus Aurelius Victor (1994) (dalam bahaso en). Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus. H. W. Bird, çev.. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 188. doi:10.3828/978-0-85323-218-6. ISBN 978-0-85323-218-6. 
  39. ↑ Gibbon, Edward (1988). Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Gerileyiş ve Çöküş Tarihi. I. Asım Baltacıgil, çev.. İstanbul: Bilim, Felsefe, Sanat Yayınları. p. 444. 
  40. ↑ Freely 2011, hlm. 318.
  41. ↑ "İstanbul". Meydan Larousse. 10. İstanbul: Sabah. 4 Nopember 1992. p. 77. 
  42. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 387.
  43. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 153.
  44. ↑ Norwich 2013a, hlm. 45.
  45. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 231.
  46. ↑ Yavuz 2014, hlm. 393.
  47. ↑ Alexander Van Millingen (31 October 2010). Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-1-108-01456-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=x9N39KZn2QAC&pg=PA40. Diakses pado 19 Agustus 2013. 
  48. ↑ Stephen Turnbull (21 August 2012). The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-78200-224-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=p4Ahnz2ltv0C&pg=PA5. Diakses pado 19 Agustus 2013. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  49. ↑ Jane Penrose (2005). Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. pp. 269–. ISBN 978-1-84176-932-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=99haLasvV3gC&pg=PA269. Diakses pado 19 Agustus 2013. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  50. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 95.
  51. ↑ Norwich 2013a, hlm. 240.
  52. ↑ Reazaei, Iman S. (September 2016). "V.-VII. Yüzyıllarda Bizans-Sâsânî İlişkileri". İraniyat Dergisi. Ankara: İranoloji Derneği Yayınları (1): 18–31. 
  53. ↑ O'Sullivan, Shaun (2004-01-01). "Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. ISSN 0307-0131. 
  54. ↑ Hoyland, Robert G. (2014-01-01) (dalam bahaso en). In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-991636-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=i3LDBAAAQBAJ&q=hoyland%20in%20god's%20path&pg=PA105. 
  55. ↑ Jankowiak, Marek (2013), "The first Arab siege of Constantinople", dalam Zuckerman, Constantin, Travaux et Mémoires Tome XVII - Constructing the Seventh Century (dalam bahasa Inggris), Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, hlm. 237–320, ISBN 978-2-916716-45-9 
  56. ↑ Apak, Adem (July 2009). "Emevîler Döneminde Anadolu'da Arap-Bizans Mücadelesi". Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi. 18 (2): 104. ISSN 1301-3394. 
  57. ↑ Unan, Fahri (14 September 2009). "Müslümanlar ve İstanbul". hacettepe.edu.tr. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 August 2017. Diakses tanggal 26 August 2017. 
  58. ↑ Uçar, Şahin (1990). Anadolu'da İslâm-Bizans Mücadelesi. İstanbul: İşaret Yayınları. p. 82. 
  59. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 249.
  60. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 115.
  61. ↑ Norwich 2013a, hlm. 263.
  62. ↑ Hitti, Philip K. (1989). Siyâsî ve Kültürel İslam Tarihi. II. Salih Tuğ, çev.. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları. p. 320. 
  63. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 144.
  64. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 1283.
  65. ↑ Sumner, Graham V. (1976). "Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Department of Classical Studies. 17 (3): 287–294. ISSN 2159-3159. OCLC 6415521. 
  66. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 253.
  67. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 145.
  68. ↑ Norwich 2013a, hlm. 286.
  69. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 265.
  70. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 188.
  71. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 326.
  72. ↑ Norwich 2013b, hlm. 28.
  73. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 192.
  74. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 319.
  75. ↑ Norwich 2013b, hlm. 40.
  76. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 282.
  77. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 322.
  78. ↑ Norwich 2013b, hlm. 66.
  79. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 287.
  80. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 241.
  81. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 369.
  82. ↑ Runciman 1930, hlm. 164–165.
  83. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 289.
  84. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 371.
  85. ↑ Norwich 2013b, hlm. 129.
  86. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 308.
  87. ↑ Norwich 2013b, hlm. 248.
  88. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 1289.
  89. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 341.
  90. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 518.
  91. ↑ Freely 2011, hlm. 159.
  92. ↑ Demirkent, Işın (1997). Haçlı Seferleri. İstanbul: Dünya Yayıncılık. p. 172. ISBN 975-7632-54-6. 
  93. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 386.
  94. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 520.
  95. ↑ Robert de Clari (1994). İstanbul'un Zaptı (1204). Beynun Akyavaş, çev.. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. p. VI. 
  96. ↑ Ayönü, Yusuf (July 2015). "IV. Haçlı Seferi'nin Ardından Batı Anadolu'da Mücadele Eden İki Rakip: İstanbul Latin Krallığı ve İznik İmparatorluğu". Cihannüma: Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi. İzmir: İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi. 1 (1): 13. doi:10.30517/cihannuma.283488 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 2149-0678. 
  97. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 349.
  98. ↑ a b Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 405.
  99. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 592.
  100. ↑ Georgios Akrapolites (2008). Vekayinâme. Bilge Umar, çev.. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. p. 162. ISBN 978-605-396-093-5. 
  101. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 1296.
  102. ↑ Freely 2011, hlm. 168.
  103. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 499.
  104. ↑ Hughes 2017, hlm. 1298.
  105. ↑ Baştav 1989, hlm. 74.
  106. ↑ a b Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 387.
  107. ↑ Eroğlu, Haldun (2004). "Osmanlıların 1453 Öncesi İstanbul Kuşatmaları". Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi. 22 (35): 89–101. doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000188 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 1015-1826. 
  108. ↑ Demirkent, Işın (2001). "İstanbul". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 23. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. pp. 205–212. 
  109. ↑ Baştav 1989, hlm. 83.
  110. ↑ a b Yinanç, Mükrimin Halil (1979). "Bayezid I". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2. İstanbul: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü. pp. 369–392. 
  111. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 390.
  112. ↑ Taeschner, Franz (1990). Necmi Ülker, çev. "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 5 (1): 296. ISSN 0257-4152. 
  113. ↑ Baştav 1989, hlm. 91.
  114. ↑ Arslan & Kaçar 2017, hlm. 393.
  115. ↑ Cezar, Mustafa (2010). Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi. I. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. p. 233. ISBN 978-975-16-2322-5. 
  116. ↑ Başar, Fahameddin (2006). "Mûsâ Çelebi". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 31. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. pp. 216–217. ISBN 975-389-427-9. 
  117. ↑ Tekirdağ, Şehabeddin (1979). "Mûsâ Çelebî". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 8. İstanbul: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü. pp. 661–666. 
  118. ↑ Ostrogorsky 2015, hlm. 515.
  119. ↑ İnalcık 2014, hlm. 105.
  120. ↑ İnalcık, Halil (1979). "Murad II". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 8. İstanbul: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü. p. 600. 
  121. ↑ Vasiliev 2016, hlm. 714.
  122. ↑ Yeorgios Francis (1992). Şehir Düştü. Kriton Dinçmen, çev.. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. p. 98. ISBN 975-470-283-7. 
  123. ↑ Barbaro, Nicolò (2007). Konstantiniye'den İstanbul'a. Muharrem Tan, çev.. İstanbul: Moralite Yayınları. p. 183. ISBN 978-975-6397-96-1. 
  124. ↑ Âşık Paşazâde (2003). Osmanoğulları'nın Tarihi. Kemal Yavuz; M. A. Yekta Saraç, çev.. İstanbul: Koç Kültür Sanat Tanıtım. p. 222. ISBN 975296043X. 
  125. ↑ Ak, Mahmut; Başar, Fahameddin (2010). İstanbul'un Fetih Günlüğü (edisi ke-2). İstanbul: Çamlıca Basım Yayın. p. 47. ISBN 978-9944-905-96-1. 

Rujuakan

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