Caliak sumber untuak Madrasah

{{Islam|expanded=all}}
'''Madrasah''' ( [[bahaso Arab|Arab]]: مدرسة {{IPA-ar|maˈdrasah||ar-مدرسة.ogg}}, [[jamak]] {{lang|ar|مدارس}}, {{transl|ar|ALA|madāris}}) adolah ciek kato dalam [[bahaso Arab]] nan bapakai untuak manyabuik babagai jinih lambago pandidiakan, nan umum atau kaagamoan (dari agamo apopun), baiak untuak [[pandidiakan dasa]] maupun [[pandidiakan tinggi]]. Di nagara-nagara di lua [[dunia Arab]], kato tasabuik biasonyo bapakai kusuihnyo untuak manyabuik jinih [[sikola agamo]] atau [[Paguruan tinggi Islam|paguruan tinggi]] nan mampalajari [[agamo Islam]], walaupun mungkin sajo iko indak manjadi satu-satunyo mato palajaran nan dipalajari.

Dalam konteks arsitektur dan sijarah, istilah iko sacaro umum bapakai untuak manyabuik jinih institusi tatantu dalam sijarah [[dunia Islam]] nan tarutamo mangajaan hukum ([[syarak|syariah]]) jo yurisprudensi ([[fiqih]]) Islam, sarato mato palajaran lainnyo pado wakatu tatantu. Asa mulo lambago samacam iko umumnyo diakui barasa dari ide [[Nizam al-Mulk]], surang [[wazir]] tanamo dari [[Kasultanan Seljuk]] pado abaik ka-11, nan batangguang jawaik dalam mambangun jaringan madrasah rasmi partamo nan tadapek di [[Iran]], [[Mesopotamia]], jo [[Khorasan]]. Dari sinan, pambangunan madrasah kudian taseba di sabagian gadang dunia Islam salamo babarapo abaik barikuiknyo, nan acok bana maniru model desain arsitektur nan sarupo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan M.|chapter=Madrasa|editor-last2=Blair|editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|last2=Kéchichian|first2=Joseph A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|chapter=Madrasah}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Etimologi==
Kato madrasah barasa dari aka kato trikonsonantal kuno dari [[bahaso Semit]] د-ر-س D-R-S 'baraja, mangkaji', manggunoan ''wazn'' (bantuak morfologi atau templat) مفعل (ة); ''mafʻal(ah)'', aratinyo "tampek di mano sasuatu dilakuan". Jadi, madrasah sacaro harfiah baarti "tampek di mano baraja jo mangkaji tajadi" atau  "tampek untuak baraja".<ref>{{Cite web|title=madrasah {{!}} Origin and meaning of madrasah by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/madrasah|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TenguGo|url=http://www.tengugo.com/arabic/arabic1/arabic_1/part_2___useful_arabic/lesson_7c_roots_and_patterns|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.tengugo.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":5" />  Kato iko muncua juo sabagai kato pinjaman nan sacaro umum aratinyo samo dalam banyak bahaso nan tapangaruah dek bahaso Arab, sarupo: [[bahaso Urdu|Urdu]], [[bahaso Punjabi|Punjabi]], [[bahaso Bengali|Bengali]], [[bahaso Pashto|Pashto]], [[bahaso Baluchi|Baluchi]], [[bahaso Persia|Persia]], [[bahaso Turki|Turki]], [[bahaso Azeri|Azeri]], [[bahaso Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[bahaso Somalia|Somalia]], jo [[bahaso Bosnia|Bosnia]].<ref name="Word Any Where">{{cite web|url=http://www.wordanywhere.com/cgi-bin/fetch.pl?&word=madrasah&words=madarasaa%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadarasaa.gif&words=madhuraaj%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraaj.gif&words=madhuraasav%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraasav.gif&words=madhuraaxar%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraaxar.gif&words=madhurikaa%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhurikaa.gif&words=madras%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=madrigal%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=matrix%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=mattress%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=meteoric%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=metric%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=metrical%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=muutraashay%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmuutraashay.gif&num_items=16&related=true&pos=0 |title=Madarasaa |publisher=WordAnywhere |access-date=2007-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215219/http://www.wordanywhere.com/cgi-bin/fetch.pl?&word=madrasah&words=madarasaa%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadarasaa.gif&words=madhuraaj%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraaj.gif&words=madhuraasav%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraasav.gif&words=madhuraaxar%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhuraaxar.gif&words=madhurikaa%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmadhurikaa.gif&words=madras%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=madrigal%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=matrix%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=mattress%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=meteoric%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=metric%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=metrical%2CEnglish%2CHindi%2C&words=muutraashay%2CHindi%2CEnglish%2C%2Fimages%2Fh2e%2Fmuutraashay.gif&num_items=16&related=true&pos=0 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hassim|first=E.|title=International Encyclopedia of Civil Society|publisher=Springer|year=2020|editor-last=List|editor-first=Regina A.|chapter=Madrassa|editor-last2=Anheier|editor-first2=Helmut K.|editor-last3=Toepler|editor-first3=Stefan}}</ref>

==Sijarah==
=== Sijarah awa ===
[[Berkas:29610-Fez (28134041211) (qarawiyyin crop).jpg|left|thumb|Pamandangan [[Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin | Musajik Qarawiyyin]] (atok ijau jo manara putiah) di kaki langik kota [[Fez, Maroko | Fes]] nan basijarah|alt=|250x250px]]
Pado maso awa sijarah Islam, pangajaran umumnyo labiah banyak dilakuan di musajik daripado di tampek lain. Walaupun babarapo musajik gadang maso awa sarupo [[Musajik Aguang Damaskus]] atau [[Musajik Amru bin al-Ash]] di [[Kairo]] mampunyoi ruangan-ruangan tapisah nan kusuih bapakai untuak baraja, pabedoan antaro "musajik" jo "madrasah" alun talalu taliek.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Pedersen|first1=J.|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last2=Makdisi|first2=G.| last3=Rahman|first3=Munibur| last4=Hillenbrand|first4=R.| publisher=Brill|year=2012| chapter=Madrasa}}</ref> Sacaro kusuih, [[Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin|Al-Qarawiyyin]] (''Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn'') nan didirian pado taun 859 di kota [[Fes]], [[Maroko]] kini, dapeklah dipandang sabagai universitas nan tatuo di dunia manuruik sabagian panaliti,<ref name="founding-1">samantaro ado juo panaliti lain nan bapandapek baso status itu labiah tapek untuak [[Universitas al-Qarawiyyin]], nan samo didirian juo pado taun 859.
*{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John L. Esposito |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-512559-2 |page=328 }}
*Kettani, M. Ali. ''Engineering Education in the Arab World''. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.</ref> meskipun pamakaian istilah "universitas" untuak institusi Islam pado abaik patangahan dapek dipadebaikan.<ref>Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", ''[[Studia Islamica]]'', No. 32 (1970), pp.&nbsp;255–264</ref><ref name=":4">[[:fr:Jacques Verger|Verger, Jacques]]: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-521-54113-8}}, pp.&nbsp;35–76 (35): {{quote|Indak surang pun maso kini ka mambantah fakta baso universitas, dalam arati istilah nan dipahami sacaro umum saaik iko, adolah ciptaan dari [[Abaik Patangahan]], nan muncua partamo kalinyo antara abaik kaduo baleh jo katigo baleh. Indak diraguan lai baso benar pado paradaban-paradaban lain, nan sabalun atau nan samo sakali tarasiang dari [[abaik patangahan]] [[paradaban Barat|Barat]], sarupo di [[Kakaisaran Romawi]], [[Kakaisaran Bizantium|Bizantium]], [[Sijarah Islam|Islam]] awa, atau [[Sijarah Cino #Cino Kuno|Cino]], alah ado suatu bantuak pandidiakan tinggi nan dek sajumlah sijarawan, untuak mamudahan, kadang-kadang digambakan sabagai "universitas". Namun kok diliek labiah taliti, jalehlah baso kanyatoan bantuak kalambagoannyo samo sakali babedo, jo walau apopun nan dikatoan tantang subjek tasabuik, indak ado ubuangan nan nyato jaleh nan dapek mambuek kito dapek mangaitkannyo jo universitas-[[universitas abaik patangahan]] di Barat. Sampai ado bukti pasti nan sabaliaknyo, mako universitas-universitas iko aruih dipandang sabagai satu-satunyo sumber model nan sacaro batahap manyeba ka saluruah Eropa, jo kudian ka saluruh dunia. Dek karano itu kami punyo kakawatiran ateh pamastian suatu lambago sabagai nan paliang partamo, nan anyo dapek didefinisikan malalui karangko analisis sijarah kamunculannyo jo caro baoperasinyo dalam suatu kaadoan nan konkret.}}</ref> Manuruik tradisi, musajik Al-Qarawiyyin didirian dek [[Fāṭimah al-Fihrī]], putri surang saudagar kayo banamo Muḥammad al-Fihrī. Satalah iko kudian badiri pulo [[Musajik Al-Azhar]] dek [[Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah]] pado 969–970 di Kairo, awanyo sabagai pusek untuak dakwah ajaran [[Syiah]] [[Isma'iliyah]], tapi kudian manjadi lambago [[Sunni]] di bawah pamarentahan [[Kakhalifahan Ayyubiyah]] (kini manjadi [[Universitas Al-Azhar]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Creswell|first=K.A.C.|title=The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1952|pages=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brett|first=Michael|title=The Fatimid Empire|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|pages=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Behrens-Abouseif|first=Doris|title=Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=1989|pages=58–62}}</ref><ref name=":6">Jonathan Berkey, ''The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), ''passim''</ref>

===Pakambangan madrasah formal===
[[Berkas:المدرسة المستنصرية في بغداد.jpg|left|thumb|[[Madrasah Mustansiriyah|Madrasah al-Mustansiriyah]] di [[Baghdad]], didirian 1227, satu-satunyo madrasah [[Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah | Abbasiyah]] nan tasiso kini]]
Pado akia abaik ka-11, salamo periode akia [[Kakhalifahan ʻAbbāsiyah]], wazir [[Dinasti Seljuk|Seljuk]] [[Niẓām al-Mulk]] manciptakan salah satu lambago pandidiakan rasmi gadang partamo nan tanamo dalam sijarah yaitu [[Madrasah Niẓāmīyah]], nan badasa pado majelis informal (dari kuliah para syaikh). Niẓām al-Mulk manciptakan sistem madrasah nagara (pado maso tu disabuik jo namo Niẓāmiyyah, badasar namonyo) di babagai kota Seljuk jo ʻAbbāsiyah pado akia abaik ka-11, nan taseba mulai dari [[Mesopotamia]] sampai ka [[Khorasan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Walaupun lambago sajinih madrasah tampaknyo alah ado di Iran sabalun Nizam al-Mulk, periode iko dipandang dek banyak urang sabagai titiak awa bakambangnyo madrasah formal di saluruah dunia Islam, nan diadaptasi jo digunoan dek samonyo ampek [[mazhab Sunni]] sarato jo [[Tarekat Sufi|tarekat-tarekat Sufi]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Salah satu alasan bapakainyo bantuak pandidiakan madrasah iko sacaro malaweh dek para panguaso jo elit Sunni adolah kainginan untuak malawan pangaruah jo panyebaran [[Syiah]] pado maso itu, jo caro manggunoan lambago-lambago iko untuak manyebakan ajaran Sunni.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Pandidiakan Islam di madrasah ==
[[Berkas:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, medresa 2 (ca 1906).jpg|thumb|right|Madrasah di [[Bosnia]], lk. 1906]]
Istilah "Pandidiakan Islam" baarati pandidiakan manganai Islam itu surang, nan baaka pado ajaran [[Al-Qur'an]] - kitab suci umaik Islam. Pandidiakan Islam jo pandidiakan Muslim indaklah samo. Iko karano pandidiakan Islam punyo kasatuan epistemologis nan batumpu pado ''[[tauhid]]'' - yaitu Kesaan Tuhan atau [[monotheisme]].<ref>Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015). [https://www.academia.edu/12291066/A_Qur_anic_Methodology_for_Integrating_Knowledge_and_Education_Implications_for_Malaysia_s_Islamic_Education_Strategy A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy]. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2).</ref><ref>Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015). [https://www.academia.edu/11796624/Knowledge_of_Shariah_and_Knowledge_to_Manage_Self_and_System_Integration_of_Islamic_Epistemology_with_the_Knowledge_and_Education Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education]. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62.</ref>

Sabuah sikola Islam biasonyo manawakan duo program studi: program studi ''ḥifẓ'' nan mangajakan manghapal Al-Qur'an (surang nan lah dapek manghafal saluruah Al-Qur'an disabuik ''[[Hafiz|hāfiẓ]]''); sarato program studi ''[[Ulama|ʻālim]]'' (dakwah) nan mangarahan palaja untuak manjadi ulama nan batarimo di masarakaik. Kurikulum reguler maliputi mato palajaran [[bahaso Arab]], [[tafsir]] Al-Qur'an, [[syarak]] (hukum Islam), [[hadits]] (catatan ucapan ja pabuatan Nabi Muhammad), [[Mantiq|''mantiq'']] (logika), jo [[sijarah Islam]]. Di [[Kasultananan Utsmaniyah]], salamo periode modern awal, palajaran hadits dipakanalkan dek [[Sultan Süleyman I]].<ref name="Ottoman">İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In ''The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600''. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.</ref> Bagantuang pado tuntutan pandidiakannyo, babarapo madrasah lai manawakan juo mato palajaran lanjutan dalam [[sastra Arab]], [[bahaso Inggrih]] jo bahasa asiang lainnyo, sarato [[sains]] jo [[sijarah dunia]]. Madrasah Utsmaniyah basamo-samo jo palajaran agamo juo mangajakan "gaya panulisan, tata bahaso, sintaksis, puisi, komposisi, ilmu alam, ilmu politik, jo etiket."<ref name="Ottoman" />

==Rujuakan==
===Catatan kaki===
{{reflist|2}}

===Sumber===
* Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer." Retrieved 2010-11-25.

==Bacoan lanjutan==
* Sultan Ali of Sawabi. ''Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan'' (2012)
* Ali, Saleem H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005172705/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Education/?view=usa&ci=9780195476729 "Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas"], Oxford University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547672-9}}
* Evans, Alexander. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105140231/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101facomment85102/alexander-evans/understanding-madrasahs.html "Understanding Madrasahs"], ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', Jan/Feb 2006.
* Malik, Jamal (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Madrasas_in_South_Asia.html?id=NVnVOGluM3UC&redir_esc=y ''Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?'']. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
* Malik, Jamal. ''Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan''. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.
* Rahman, Tariq. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qEucAAAAMAAJ ''Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan'']. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-19-597863-6}}. Chapter on "Madrassas".
* Tanweer, Bilal. "[http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/may2007-weekly/nos-06-05-2007/dia.htm#2 Revisiting the Madrasa Question]". ''[[The News International]]'', 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the [[Lahore University of Management Sciences]] (LUMS), Pakistan.
* Ziad, Waleed. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027051746/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/thenews |date=October 27, 2009 |title="Madaris in Perspective" }}. Reprinted from ''[[The News International|The News]]'', March 21, 2004.
* [http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper730 Madrasa Education in India]

==Pautan lua==
{{Commons category-inline|Madrasas|Madrasah}}
{{Wiktionary}}

[[Kategori:Madrasah]]
[[Kategori:Sijarah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Pandidikan]]