Caliak sumber untuak Karbon

{{Elementbox|name=karbon|electrical resistivity=|thermal expansion=|thermal diffusivity=|thermal conductivity 2=|thermal conductivity=900-2300 (intan)<br />119-165 (grafit)|electrical resistivity at 20=|electrical resistivity at 0=|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetik]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref>|speed of sound=|oxidation states='''4''', 3<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090126/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, 2, 1<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090130/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, [[Formaldehyde|0]], [[Carbide|-1]], [[Methanol|-2]], [[Ethane|-3]], '''-4'''<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|title=Carbon: Binary compounds|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref>|crystal structure comment2=(grafit, hitam)|crystal structure2=Simple Hexagonal|crystal structure comment=(intan, bening)|crystal structure=diamond|Van der Waals radius=170|thermal expansion at 25=0.8 (intan)<ref name=ioffe>[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond Properties of diamond], Ioffe Institute Database</ref>|speed of sound rod at 20=18350 (intan)|atomic radius calculated=|predicted by=|history comment label=Diketahui sebagai [[unsur kimia]] oleh|first isolation date=|first isolation by=|discovery date=3750 BC|discovered by=[[Mesir Kuno]] & [[Sumer|orang Sumeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |title=History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky |publisher=Caer.uky.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101085829/http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|prediction date=|isotopes=<!--[[Isotop dari karbon|15]]-->
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=karbon-11 | mn=11 | sym=C | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=20&nbsp;min | dm= [[Beta emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=0.96
|link1=boron-11 | pn=11 | ps=B}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=karbon-12 | mn=12 | sym=C | na=98.9% | n=6 |firstlinks=yes}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=karbon-13 | mn=13 | sym=C | na=1.1% | n=7 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=karbon-14 | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=5730&nbsp;y | dm=[[Beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.156
|link1=nitrogen-14 | pn=14 | ps=N}}|speed of sound rod at r.t.=|CAS number=7440-44-0|Mohs hardness=10 (intan)<br />1-2 (grafit)|Poisson ratio=0.1 (intan)<ref name=ioffe/>|Bulk modulus=442 (intan)<ref name=ioffe/>|Shear modulus=478 (intan)<ref name=ioffe/>|Young's modulus=1050 (intan)<ref name=ioffe/>|Tensile strength=|covalent radius=77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp)|atomic radius=|number=6|group=14|image name 2=Carbon Spectra.jpg|image name comment=Intan (kiri) dan grafit (kanan), 2 alotrop terkenal dari karbon|image name=Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg|appearance=bening (intan) & hitam (grafit)|block=p|period=2|series=nonlogam|atomic mass=12.0107(8)|below=[[Silikon|Si]]|above=-|right=[[nitrogen]]|left=[[boron]]|pronounce=|symbol=C|image name 2 comment=Garis spektrum karbon|electron configuration=1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup> atau [He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>|3rd ionization energy=4620.5|triple point kPa=10800<ref name=triple2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5|title=Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon|year=1976|author=Haaland, D|journal=Carbon|volume=14|pages=357|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=triple3>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027|title=Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)|year=2005|author=Savvatimskiy, A|journal=Carbon|volume=43|pages=1115|issue=6}}</ref>|2nd ionization energy=2352.6|1st ionization energy=1086.5|number of ionization energies=6|electronegativity=2.55|heat capacity=6.155 (intan)<br />8.517 (grafit)|heat fusion=117 (grafit)|triple point K=4600|electrons per shell=2,4|sublimation point F=6588|sublimation point C=3642|sublimation point K=3915|density gpcm3nrt 3=Grafit: 2.267|density gpcm3nrt 2=Intan: 3.515|density gpcm3nrt=Amorf:<ref name="CRC">{{RubberBible86th}}
</ref> 1.8–2.1|phase=Padat|history comment=[[Antoine Lavoisier|A. Lavoisier]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Senese, Fred|date=200-09-09|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|title=Who discovered carbon?|publisher=Frostburg State University|accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref> (1789)}}
'''Karbon''' ({{lang-la|Carbonium}}), atau '''zat arang''' marupokan [[unsua kimia]] nan mampunyoi simbol '''C''' dan [[nomor atom]] 6 pado [[tabel periodik]]. Sabagai unsua [[golongan 14]] pado [[tabel periodik]], karbon marupokan unsua non-logam dan bavalensi 4 (tetravalen), nan baarati basonyo ado ampek elektron nan dapek digunokan untuak mambantuak [[ikatan kimia|ikatan]] [[ikatan kovalen|kovalen]]. Ado tigo macam [[isotop]] karbon nan ditamukan sacaro alami, yakni [[Karbon-12|<sup>12</sup>C]] dan [[Karbon-13|<sup>13</sup>C]] nan stabil, dan [[Karbon-14|<sup>14</sup>C]] nan basipaik radioaktif jo [[wakatu paruah]] paluruahannyo sakitar 5730 taun.<ref name="isotopes">{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/isot.html|title=Carbon - Naturally occurring isotopes|publisher=WebElements Periodic Table|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Karbon marupokan salah satu dari babarapo unsua nan dikataui kabaradoannya sajak zaman saisuak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemicalelements.com/show/dateofdiscovery.html |title=Periodic Table: Date of Discovery|publisher=Chemical Elements.com|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref><ref name=D2>{{cite web|url=http://chemistry.about.com/library/das/aa030303a.htm|title=Timeline of Element Discovery|accessdate=2007-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Istilah "karbon" barasa dari [[bahaso Latin]] ''carbo'', nan aratinyo [[batu baro]].

Karbon mampunyoi babarapo [[alotrop karbon|jinih alotrop]], nan paliang tanamo adolah [[grafit]], [[intan]], dan [[karbon amorf]].<ref name="therm prop">{{cite web|url=http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/point.html|title=World of Carbon - Interactive Nano-visulisation in Science &Engineering Edukation (IN-VSEE)|accessdate=2008-10-09|archive-date=2008-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005162616/http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/point.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sipaik-sipaik fisika karbon baragam bagantuang pado jinih alotropnyo. Sabagai contoh, intan barono [[transparan]], sadangkan grafit barono itam dan kusam. Intan marupokan salah satu materi paliang kareh di dunia, sadangkan grafit cukuik lunak untuak maninggakan bakehnyo pado karateh. Intan mamiliki [[konduktivitas listik]] nan sangek randah, sadangkan grafit adolah [[konduktor]] listrik nan sangek rancak. Di bawah kondisi normal, intan mampunyoi [[konduktivitas termal]] nan tatinggi di antaro materi-materi lain nan dikataui. Sado alotrop karbon babantuak padek dalam kondisi normal, tapi grafit marupokan alotrop nan paliang stabil sacaro [[termodinamika|termodinamik]] di antaro alotrop-alotrop lainnyo.

Sado alotrop karbon sangek stabil dan mamaralukan suhu nan sangek tinggi untuak bareaksi, bahkan jo oksigen. [[Keadaan oksidasi|Kaadaan oksidasi]] karbon nan paliang umumnyo ditamukan adolah +4, manokalo +2 dijumpoi pado [[karbon monoksida]] dan senyawa kompleks [[logam transisi]] lainnyo. Sumber karbon anorganik paliang gadang ado pado [[batu kapua]], [[dolomit]], dan [[karbon dioksida]], sadangkan sumber organik ado pado [[batu baro]], tanah [[gambuik]], [[minyak bumi]], jo [[klatrat metana]]. Karbon dapek mambantuak labiah banyak [[senyawa kimia|senyawa]] daripada unsua-unsua lainnyo, jo ampia 10 juta [[senyawa organik]] murni nan alah dideskripsikan sampai kini.<ref name=lanl>{{cite web|author=Chemistry Operations|date=December 15, 2003|url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.html|title=Carbon|publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory|accessdate=2008-10-09|archive-date=2008-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913063402/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Karbon adolah unsua paliang balimpah ka-15 di [[karak Bumi]] dan ka-4 di [[alam semesta]]. Karbon ado pado sado jinih [[mukaluak iduik]], dan pado manusia, karbon marupokan unsua paliang balimpah kaduo (sakitar 18,5%) sasudah oksigen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elbio.html|title=Biological Abundance of Elements|publisher = The Internet Encyclopedia of Science |accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Kabalimpahan karbon iko, basamoan jo kaanekaragaman [[senyawa organik]] dan kamampuannyo mambantuak polimer mambuek karbon sabagai unsua dasa kimiawi kahidupan. Unsua iko adalah unsua nan paliang stabil di antaro unsua-unsua nan lain, sainggo dijadikan patokan dalam mangukua [[satuan massa atom]].

== Rujuakan ==
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[[Kategori:Kimia]]