Caliak sumber untuak Gajah afrika

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Gajah afrika
| image = Loxodonta africana - old bull (Ngorongoro, 2009).jpg
| image_caption = Gajah afrika di [[Daerah konservasi Ngorongoro]]
| image2 = Loxodontacyclotis.jpg
| image2_caption = Gajah afrika jo anaknyo di [[Taman Nasional Nouabalé-Ndoki]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Loxodonta
| authority = Anonymous 
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
*''[[Loxodonta africana|L. africana]]''
*''[[Loxodonta cyclotis|L. cyclotis]]''
*''[[Loxodonta adaurora|L. adaurora]]''
:: ''L. a. adaurora''
:: ''L. a. kararae''
* ''[[Loxodonta atlantica|L. atlantica]]''
:: ''L. a. angammensis''
:: ''L. a. atlantica''
* ''[[Loxodonta exoptata|L. exoptata]]''
| range_map = African Elephant distribution map without borders.svg
| range_map_caption = Pasebaran tampek tingga ''Loxodonta'' (2007)
}}

'''Gajah afrika''' marupoan salah satu jinih gajah nan iduik di [[Afrika]] marupoan salah satu dari family ''[[Elephantidae]]'' nan masih ado. Gajah ko mamiliki duo jinih yoitu Gajah Sabana Afrika (''[[loxodonta africana]]'') jo Gajah Hutan Afrika (''[[loxodonta cyclotis]]).'' Hewan iko mamiliki kulik bawarna abu-abu sarato mamiliki talingo jo gadiang. Bantuak gajah ko saparti gajah pado umumnyo. Hewan ko juo mamiliki utak nan gadang, yoitu labiah dari 5&nbsp;kg sakaligus manjadi hewan nan paliang pintar.  Gajah afrika marupoan hewan omnivora pamakan rumpuik, tumbuahan, buah, jo dadaunan pohon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/eliza/fakta-unik-gajah-afrika-exp-c1c2|title=6 Fakta Unik Gajah Afrika, Mamalia Darat Terbesar di Dunia|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=ustman|first2=Eliza|website=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2020-12-04}}</ref>

== Karakteristik ==

=== Badan ===
Gajah afrika mamiliki rambuik aluih bawarna itam di badannyo nan manutupi kulik nyo. Hewan ko mamiliki kulik bawarna abu-abu sataba 30&nbsp;mm. Gajah afrika mamiliki talingo nan gadang nan bafungsi maangurangi suhu angek di dalam tubuhnyo. Caro karajo nyo katiko gajah mangepakan talingo, aliran udaro mangalir dan pado bagian dalam talingo nyo maadok kalua sahinggo dapek manjago suhu badannyo dari angek nan balabiah. Gajah afrika mamiliki [[balalai]] nan digunoan untuak mancium, mamacik, maambiak makanan, manghasilkan suaro, sabagai alat untuak pertahan bahkan bisa untuak manyerang musuah.<ref name=Shoshani1978>{{cite journal |last1=Shoshani |first1=J. |year=1978 |title=General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks |journal=Elephant |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.22237/elephant/1491234053 |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=elephant|doi-access=free }}</ref> Belalainyo iko tadiri dari 40 - 60.000 panyusun otot sarato katiko Gajah afrika barado di aia bafungso sabagai pakakeh untuak pernapasan.<ref name= "West2002">{{Cite journal|title= Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?|last= West|first= J.B.|date= April 2002|journal= News in Physiological Sciences |volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 47–50|doi= 10.1152/nips.01374.2001|pmid= 11909991}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/nips.01374.2001|title=Why Doesn't the Elephant Have a Pleural Space?|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/nurul-aulia/perbedaan-gajah-afrika-dan-gajah-asia-exp-c1c2|title=Serupa Tapi Tak Sama, Ini 5 Perbedaan Gajah Afrika dan Gajah Asia|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Aulia|first2=Nurul|date=|website=IDN Times|publisher=|language=id|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref>

=== Gadiang jo gigi ===
Gajah afrika mamiliki gadiang saparti gajah pado umumnyo. [[Gadiang]] nan dimiliki jantan labiah gadang sarato runciang sadangkan batino ukuran gadiang nyo labiah ketek sarato tidak tampak tajam. Gadiang Gajah afrika mamiliki barek 23 – 45&nbsp;kg sarato mamiliki panjang rato rato 1.5 - 2.4 meter. Gadiang digunoan dek gajah afrika untuak mangoyak aka pohon jo mangupeh kulik pohon untuak mancari makanan, gadiang digunoan dek nan jantan untuak bacakak antar sasamo inyo biaso nyo tajadi pado musim kawin. Gadiang iko bafungsi juo malinduangi diri dari pamangso. Gadiang batambah panjang tagantuang daripado umua si gajah surang.<ref name=Burnie>{{cite book |last=Burnie |first=D. |title=Animal |year=2001 |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |location=London}}</ref>

Gajah afrika mamiliki limo gigi graham jo barek sakitar 5&nbsp;kg jo panjang rato ratonyo sakitar 30&nbsp;cm. Biasonyo tajadi 4 - 6 kali pagantian gigi salamo iduikyo, sasudah Gajah afrika kahilangan gigi tarakhia nyo akan mati surang disebabkan kalaparan.<ref name=Domestic>{{cite book |last=Clutton-Brock |first=Juliet |authorlink=Juliet Clutton-Brock |title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-34697-5 |page=208}}</ref>

=== Ukuaran ===
Kini ko Gajah afrika marupoan makhluk iduik darat nan paliang gadang. Gajah afrika nan paliang gadang pernah tacatat jo barek 10.400&nbsp;kg sarato mamiliki tinggi 4.21 meter.<ref name="Macdonald">{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=D. |title=The New Encyclopedia of Mammals |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref>

== Parilaku jo lingkuangan ==
Gajah afrika marupoan hewan nan iduak bakalompok, nan tadiri dari kawanan sarato anak-anak nyo. kawanan gajah ko dipimpin dek gajah batino nan paliang tuo, nan dianggap alah mamiliki pangalaman jo kamampuan nan maarahan untuak mancari makanan sarato mancari sumber aia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mammals of Africa|first3=Thomas|first6=Jan|last5=Happold|first5=Meredith|last4=Hoffmann|first4=Michael|last3=Butynski|last2=Happold|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|first2=David|last=Kingdon|first=Jonathan|language=en|isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2|date=2013-05-23|publisher=A&amp;C Black|last6=Kalina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/09/02/110018369/mengapa-gajah-hidupnya-bergerombol-jawaban-tvri-2-september-2020-sma|title=Mengapa Gajah Hidupnya Bergerombol? Jawaban TVRI 2 September 2020 SMA|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref> Hewan iko bisa juo bakomunikasi dalam jarak nan jauah jo caro mangaluaan suaro dari belalai nyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347200914064?via%3Dihub|title=Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020}}</ref> Gajah afrika indak salalu bakalompok, inyo akan bajalan surang katiko alah gadang. Gajah afrika ko kambali ka kalompok untuak mancari pasangan. Kauntuangan iduik sacaro bakalompok adolah tajaminnyo dalam mancari makanan jo aia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2020-12-05|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Gajah afrika iko marupoan hewan darat nan paling pintar setara jo hewan kelas [[primata]] jo kelas [[cetaceans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm|title=Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins|last=Tuesday|first=8 March 2011 Jennifer ViegasDiscovery News|date=2011-03-08|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://express.lineone.net/posts/view/22474/Elephants-really-don-t-forget|title=Elephants really don't forget|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020}}</ref> Barek utak hewan iko marupoan nan paliang gadang diantaro hewan darat lainnyo nan mancapai 5&nbsp;kg. Utak hewan iko juo mamiliki struktur jo jumlah [[neuron]] nan samo jo manusia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0470867221.ch2|title=Is the Human Brain Unique?|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020}}</ref>

== Reproduksi ==
Gajah afrika dewasa biasonyo maalami maso pambuahan pado umua 25 sampai 45 tahun.<ref name=Macdonald />  Hewan (batino) iko mulai bisa bakambang biak pado umua 10 sampai 12 tahun sarato mamiliki usia kahamilan salamo 22 bulan dan hanyo bisa malahian anak satiok 3 sampai 6 tahun. Jiko umua Gajah afrika 50 tahun bararti inyo bisa malahian sabanyak 7 kali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Benedict |first=F. G. |title=The physiology of the elephant |year=1936 |journal=Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474 |volume=1}}</ref>

Katiko Gajah afrika jantan maalami [[musth]], yoitu maningkeknyo kadar testosteron pado si jantan sahinggo inyo baparilaku agresif.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf|title=Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020|archive-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sukumar |first=R. |authorlink=Raman Sukumar |title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |location=New York |date=2003 |isbn=0-19-510778-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0/page/112 112] |url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0|url-access=registration }}</ref> Parilaku musth iko juo manunjuakan ka batino bahwasonyo si jantan mamiliki kualitas nan rancak. Baaitu pulo nan tajadi pado Gajah afrika batino, katiko inyo maalami maso [[etrus]] inyo akan mancari jantan untuak malinduangi nyo. Caronyo jo mangaluaan suaro untuak mancari perhatian pajantan dari jarak nan jauah. Gajah afrika nan jantan bisa mancium hormon batino nan alah siap dibuahi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003347289900687?via%3Dihub|title=Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=05-12-2020}}</ref>

== Rujuakan ==