Caliak sumber untuak Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia

{{Infobox document
|document_name = Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|image = Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg
|image_width = 200px
|image_caption = {{longitem|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] mamacik versi DUHAM dalam bahaso Inggirih}}
|image2 = The universal declaration of human rights 10 December 1948.jpg
|image2_caption = Hak-hak asasi nan disatujui dek Majelis Umum PBB pado patamuannyo nan ka-183 di Paris pado 10 Desember 1948
|date_created = 1948
|date_ratified = 10 Desember 1948
|location_of_document = [[Palais de Chaillot|Palais de Chaillot, Paris]]
|writer = Komisi panyusun{{efn|Panyusun tamasuak [[John Peters Humphrey]] (Kanada), [[René Cassin]] (Parancih), [[P. C. Chang]] (Republik Cino), [[Charles Malik]] (Lebanon), [[Hansa Mehta]] (India) jo [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] (Amerika Sarikat); caliak bagian [[#Panyusunan]] di ateh.}}
|purpose = [[Hak asasi manusia]]
| wikisource = Universal Declaration of Human Rights
}}
'''Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia''' (disingkek '''DUHAM'''; {{lang-en|Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}, disingkek '''UDHR''') adolah sabuah dokumen antarobanso nan mangatur tantang [[hak asasi manusia|hak jo kabebasan asasi]] untuak sadoalah urang iduik dan diadopsi dek [[Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|Majelis Umum]] [[Pasarikatan Banso-Banso]] sabagai [[Resolusi Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Banso-Bansso 217|Resolusi 217]] pado sesi katigonyo tanggal 10 Desember 1948 di [[Palais de Chaillot]] di [[Paris]], [[Parancih]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2015-09-02|title=Human Rights Law|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/universal-declaration/human-rights-law/index.html|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.un.org|language=en}}</ref> Dari 58 nagara anggota PBB pado maso itu, 48 mandukuang, 8 mamiliah abstain, 2 indak mamiliah, dan indak ado nan manulak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14O243550E15G.60956&profile=voting&uri=full=3100023~!909326~!676&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&source=~!horizon|title=A/RES/217(III)|publisher=UNBISNET|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232151/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14O243550E15G.60956&profile=voting&uri=full=3100023~!909326~!676&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&source=~!horizon|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

DUHAM punyo 30 pasal nan mangatur tantang "hak jo kabebasan dasar surang individu" dan managehan karakternyo nan universal sabagai tacelak, indak bisa diasiangkan, dan balaku untuak saluruah urang.<ref name=":0" /> Dokumen ko diadopsi sabagai sabuah "standar basamo untuak dicapai sadoalah urang jo banso" dan maikek nagara nan manando tanganinyo untuak mangakui sadoalah urang sabagai "jiwa nan laia bebas dan setara dalam kaormatan jo hak-haknyo" tanpa mairaukan "kabansoan, tampek tingga, jinih kalamin, asal banso atau etnis, warna kulik, agamo, bahaso, atau status-status lain".<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf UDHR Booklet], Art. 2.</ref> DUHAM dianggap sabagai sabuah dokumen nan pantiang dek karena bahaso susunannyo nan basipaik universal dan indak ado marujuak pado budayo, sistem politik, atau agamo nan tatantu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/universal-declaration-of-human-rights/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="blogs.lse.ac.uk">{{Cite web|date=2012-12-10|title=Human Rights: The Universal Declaration vs The Cairo Declaration|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2012/12/10/1569/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Middle East Centre}}</ref> Dokumen ko baperan pantiang dalam mangambangkan [[hukum hak asasi manusia antarobanso]], dan marupokan langkah nan jolong kali dalam panyusunan ''[[International Bill of Human Rights]]'' nan disalasaikan pado tahun 1966 dan mulai balaku pado tahun 1976. 

DUHAM adolah sabuah resolusi nan indak basipaik maikaik pado nagara-nagara nan manando tanganinyo, namun isi nan diaturnyo alah dijalehan dan diturunkan dalam pajanjian antarobanso, instrumen hak asasi manusia pado tingkek wilayah, konstitusi nagara, sarato paraturan-paraturan parundang-undangan nasional.<ref name=":0" /> Sadoalah nagara anggota PBB (193 nagara) alah maratifikasi paliang indak satu dari sambilan pajanjian antarobanso nan basipaik maikaik dan dipangaruahi dek deklarasi ko, dan mayoritas nagara alah maratifikasi labiah dari ampek macam pajanjian tu.<ref name=":0" /> Sabagian sarjana hukum bapandapek baso banyak nagara alah marujuak pado DUHAM dalam 50 tahun taakhia, deklarasi ko alah basipaik maikaik sabagai bagian dari [[hukum kabiasaan antarobanso]],<ref>Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, (2nd ed), [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford, 2000.</ref><ref>Hurst Hannum, [https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/04/16-Hannum.pdf The universal declaration of human rights in National and International Law], p.145</ref> walaupun pangadilan di babarapo nagara alah mambatehi dampak dari pambalakuannyo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Posner|first=Eric|date=2014-12-04|title=The case against human rights {{!}} Eric Posner|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/04/-sp-case-against-human-rights|access-date=2020-01-22|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":1">''Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain'', 542 U.S. 692, 734 (2004).</ref> DUHAM alah sacaro laweh mampangaruhi pakambangan hukum, politik, jo sosial di tingkek global maupun nasional, dan alah ditajamahan ka labiah dari 524 macam bahaso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} Universal Declaration of Human Rights Main|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/UDHRIndex.aspx|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref>

== Sajarah ==
=== Pangasahan ===
DUHAM disahkan dek [[Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Banso-Banso]] sabagai [[Resolusi Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Banso-Banso 217|Resolusi Majelis Umum A/RES/217(III)[A]]] pado 10&nbsp;Desember 1948 di Palais de Chaillot, Paris.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url= https://www.parisdigest.com/monument/palais-de-chaillot.htm|title= Palais de Chaillot. Chaillot museums. | year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> Dari 58 nagara anggota PBB pado maso itu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/growth-united-nations-membership-1945-present/index.html|title=Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present|website=www.un.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> 48 mandukuang, indak ado nan manulak dan 8 mamiliah [[abstain]].<ref name="ccnmtl-10">{{cite web |url = http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/udhr/udhr_general/drafting_history_10.html |title=default |access-date=2013-07-12 |author=CCNMTL |website =  Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL)  |publisher = [[Columbia University]]}}</ref><ref name="unac-qaa">{{cite web |url = http://www.unac.org/rights/question.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162219/http://www.unac.org/rights/question.html |archive-date=2012-09-12 |title=Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |author=UNAC |publisher=United Nations Association in Canada (UNAC) |page="Who are the signatories of the Declaration?"}}</ref> [[Honduras]] jo [[Yaman]] indak sato mamiliah.<ref name="tagesspiegel-menschenrechte">{{cite web |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/international/menschenrechte-die-maechtigste-idee-der-welt/1392182.html |title=Menschenrechte: Die mächtigste Idee der Welt |access-date=2013-07-12 |author=Jost Müller-Neuhof |date=2008-12-10 |work=Der Tagesspiegel |language=de}}</ref> [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], istri [[Presiden Amerika Sarikat]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], mamainkan paran nan pantiang untuak maimpun dukuangan bagi pangasahan dokumen ko, tamasuak di nagaranyo surang maupun di nagara-nagara lain, dek karano kamampuannyo untuak bakampanye pado blok-blok politik nan saliang batantangan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-05|title=70 Years of Impact: Insights on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/70-years-of-impact-insights-on-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights/|access-date=2020-09-13|website=unfoundation.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

Dalam catatan debat tantang pangasahan DUHAM,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/PV.183 |title=default |access-date=2017-08-30 |author=United Nations}}</ref> [[Afrika Selatan]] barusao untuak malinduangi institusi [[Apartheid di Afrika Selatan|apartheid]] nan nyato-nyato malanggar banyak pasal dalam deklarasi.<ref name="ccnmtl-10" /> [[Arab Saudi]] nan mamiliah abstain disababkan dek Pasal 18, nan manjamin hak untuak maubah agamo atau kapacayaan, sarato Pasal 16, nan manjamin hak pakawinan nan setara.<ref name="ccnmtl-10" /> Anam nagara nan bahaluan komunis mamiliah abstain dek karano DUHAM dianggap indak cukuik tajam mangutuak [[fasisme]] jo [[Nazisme]];<ref name="danchin">{{cite web |url = http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/udhr/udhr_general/drafting_history_10.html|access-date=2015-02-25 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafting History – 10. Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session |author=Peter Danchin}}</ref> namun Eleanor Roosevelt mangatokan baso alasan nan sabananyo adola Pasal 13, nan manjamin hak warga nagara untuak kalua dari nagaranyo (hak [[ekspatriasi]]).<ref>{{harvnb |Glendon |2002 |pp=169–70}}</ref> Babarapo pangamat hukum bapandangan baso panantangan blok komunis nan dipimpin [[Uni Soviet]] disababkan dek adonyo pasal-pasal nan mamuaik [[hak negatif]], cando pasal nan mangamanatkan pamarintah untuak indak malangga hak sipil dan politik tatantu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-05|title=70 Years of Impact: Insights on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/70-years-of-impact-insights-on-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights/|access-date=2020-09-13|website=unfoundation.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Delegasi [[Inggirih]], nan mamiliah mandukuang DUHAM, maraso frutrasi dek sabab dokumen akhianyo manganduang tangguangjawab moral namun indak ado kakuatan hukum.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|title=''Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Final authorized text''|date=September 1952|publisher=The British Library|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910234546/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baru pado tahun 1976, kutiko [[Pajanjian Antarobanso tantang Hak Sipil jo Politik]] mulai balako, isi dari DUHAM punyo kakuatan hukum.

[[File:Universal declaration of human rights voters.svg|256px|right|thumb|Hasil pamungutan suaro dalam sidang pleno:<br />
Warna hijau: mandukuang;<br />
Warna oren: mamiliah abstain;<br />
Warna itam: indak mamiliah;<br />
Warna abu-abu: alun bagabuang ka dalam PBB pado wakatu sidang]]

{{col|2}}
48 nagara nan mandukuang pangasahan DUHAM:<ref name=unyearbook1948>{{cite web|url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1948-49YUN/1948-49_P1_CH5.pdf |title=Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 p 535 |access-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927221000/http://unyearbook.un.org/1948-49YUN/1948-49_P1_CH5.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2013 }}</ref>

* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Afghanistan}} [[Karajaan Afganistan|Afganistan]]
* {{flagdeco|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
* {{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Australia]]
* {{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Belgia]]
* {{flagdeco|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]]
* {{flagdeco|Brazil|1889}} [[Brasil]]
* {{flagdeco|Canada|1921}} [[Kanada]]
* {{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Cili]]
* {{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Republik Cino]]
* {{flagdeco|Colombia}} [[Kolombia]]
* {{flagdeco|Costa Rica}} [[Kosta Rika]]
* {{flagdeco|Cuba|1902)}} [[Kuba]]
* {{flagdeco|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
* {{flagdeco|Dominican Republic}} [[Republik Dominika]]
* {{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Ekuador]]
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Egypt}} [[Karajaan Mesir|Mesir]]
* {{flagdeco|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]]
* {{flagdeco|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Kamaharajoan Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
* {{flagdeco|French Fourth Republic}} [[Republik Parancih Kaampek|Parancih]]
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Karajaan Yunani|Yunani]]
* {{flagdeco|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]]
* {{flagdeco|Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)}} [[Republik Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]]
* {{flagdeco|Iceland}} [[Islandia]]
* {{flagdeco|Dominion of India}} [[Dominion India|India]]
* {{flagdeco|Pahlavi dynasty|1925}} [[Iran|Persia]]
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Karajaan Irak|Irak]]
* {{flagdeco|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]]
* {{flagdeco|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]
* {{flagdeco|Luxembourg}} [[Luksemburg]]
* {{flagdeco|Burma|1948}} [[Myanmar]]
* {{flagdeco|Mexico|1934}} [[Meksiko]]
* {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Balando]]
* {{flagdeco|Dominion of New Zealand}} [[Dominion Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]
* {{flagdeco|Nicaragua}} [[Nikaragua]]
* {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Norwegia]]
* {{flagdeco|Dominion of Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
* {{flagdeco|Panama}} [[Panama]]
* {{flagdeco|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]]
* {{flagdeco|Peru}} [[Peru]]
* {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[Filipina]]
* {{flagdeco|Thailand|1917}} [[Thailand|Siam]]
* {{flagdeco|Sweden}} [[Swedia]]
* {{flagdeco|Syrian Republic}} [[Republik Suriah|Suriah]]
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Turki]]
* {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[Inggirih]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Amerika Sarikat]]
* {{flagdeco|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]]
* {{flagdeco|Venezuela|1930}} [[Venezuela]]

8 nagara nan mamiliah abstain:<ref name=unyearbook1948 />
*{{flagdeco|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslovakia|Cekoslovakia]]
*{{flagdeco|Polish People's Republic|1928}} [[Republik Rakyaik Polandia|Polandia]] 
*{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia|1938}} [[Arab Saudi]]
*{{flagdeco|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Uni Soviet]] 
*{{flagdeco|Byelorussian SSR|1937}} [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Belarusia|RSS Belarusia]]
*{{flagdeco|Ukrainian SSR|1937}} [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina|RSS Ukraina]]
*{{flagdeco|Union of South Africa}} [[Uni Afrika Selatan]]
*{{flagdeco|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]]

Duo nagara nan indak mamiliah:
*{{flagdeco|Honduras}} [[Honduras]]
*{{flagdeco|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}} [[Karajaan Mutawakkiliyah Yaman|Yaman]]
{{EndDiv}}

== Batang tubuah jo isi ==
Batang tubuah DUHAM dipangaruahi dek [[Kode Napoleon]], nan mamuaik satu mukadimah dan prinsip-prinsip dasar.<ref>{{harvnb|Glendon|2002|pp=62–64}}.</ref> Struktur nan final disusun dalam rancangan tahap kaduo nan dirumuskan dek ahli hukum Parancih [[René Cassin]], nan mangambangan rancangan awal nan dirumuskan dek ahli hukum Kanada [[John Peters Humphrey]].  

Batang tubuah DUHAM manganduang:
* Mukadimah nan manyatoan alasan kasajarahan jo sosial nan mambuek paralu panyusunan Deklarasi. 
* Pasal 1–2 manjalehan konsep dasar kaormatan, kabebasan, jo kasetaraan.
* Pasal 3–5 manubuahan hak-hak individu lainnyo, saroman [[hak untuak iduik]] sarato larangan untuak [[pabudakan|mampabudak]] jo [[mambuek seso]].
* Pasal 6–11 manjalehan legalitas dasar hak asasi manusia dan upayo hukum nan dapek ditampuah untuak mampatahankannyo kok dilangga. 
* Pasal 12–17 manubuahan hak individu taadok masyarakatnyo, cando [[kabebasan bagarak]], [[kabebasan batampek tingga]], hak ateh [[properti]], jo hak ateh [[kawarganagaraan]].
* Pasal 18–21 manubuahan "kabebasan konsttitusional" sarato kabebasan spiritual, publik, dan politis saroman [[kabebasan bapikira]], [[kabebasan bapandapek]], kabebasan mangaluakan ekspresi, [[kabebasan manganut agamo]] jo kapicayaan, [[kabebasan bakumpua]], sarato kabebasan manarimo dan mangolah gagasan jo informasi malalui media. 
* Pasal 22–27 manubuahan hak-hak ekonomi, sosial, jo budayo cando [[hak ateh kasiatan]], [[hak ateh standar iduik]], hak untuak mandapek akomodasi tambahan dek karano cacat atau disabilitas, sarato panyabutan nan kusuih untuak hak diasuah bagi ibu jo anak.<ref>{{citation |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|year=1948|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/}}</ref>
* Pasal 28–30 manjalehan arati umum tantang palaksanaan hak-hak, pambatasan jo situasi nan mambatasi palaksanaan hak individu, sarato larangan untuak mamakai hak-hak nan tasabuik untuak malawan tujuan organisasi PBB.<ref>{{harvnb|Glendon|2002}}, Chapter 10.</ref>

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliografi ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon Brown |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World |url = http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/467/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-the-21st-century |year=2016 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |ISBN = 978-1-783-74218-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Glendon |first=Mary Ann |author-link=Mary Ann Glendon |title=A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-vaZkbca2sC |year=2002 |publisher=Random House |ISBN = 978-0-375-76046-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hashmi |first=Sohail H. |title=Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC |year=2002 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |ISBN = 978-0-691-11310-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morsink |first=Johannes |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC |year=1999 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |ISBN = 978-0-8122-1747-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=Daniel E. |title=Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YgF58rl4tCkC |year=1999 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |ISBN = 978-0-275-96187-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul |others=United Nations General Assembly |title=The International bill of human rights |url = https://archive.org/details/internationalbil00will |url-access=registration |year=1981 |publisher=Entwhistle Books |ISBN = 978-0-934558-07-5 }}
{{refend}}

[[Kategori:Hak asasi manusia]]