Caliak sumber untuak Beijing

{{Infobox settlement|name={{raise|0.2em|Beijing}}|native_name={{lower|0.1em|北京市}}|other_name=Peking|settlement_type=[[Munisipalitas yang dikelola langsung di Tiongkok|Munisipalitas]]|image_skyline={{multiple image
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| image1                 = SA Temple of Heaven.jpg
| image2                 = Beijing skyline from northeast 4th ring road.jpg
| image3                 = Tiananmen Gate.jpg
| image4                 = The Great Wall of China - Badaling.jpg
| image5                 = Beijing national stadium.jpg
| image6                 = Skyline of Beijing CBD from the southeast (20210907074131).jpg
| image7                 = National Centre for the Performing Arts and Great Hall of the People.jpg
}}|image_caption=Atas: [[Tian Tan|Kuil Langit]]<br>Tengah pertama: Gerbang [[Kota Terlarang]] dari arah [[Lapangan Tiananmen]] dan [[Badaling|Tembok Besar Badaling]] (kanan)<br>Tengah kedua: [[Stadion Nasional Beijing]] dan Panorama [[Kawasan bisnis terpadu Beijing|CBD Beijing]] dilihat dari arah tenggara, 2021. Kawasan [[Kawasan bisnis terpadu Beijing|CBD Beijing]] dilihat dari [[Jalan lingkar di Beijing|jalan lingkar ke-4]] saat senja. (kanan)<br>Bawah:[[Balai Agung Rakyat]] dan [[Teater Agung Nasional]] (kanan)|image_map=China Beijing.svg|map_caption=Lokasi Munisipalitas Beijing di Tiongkok|area_urban_footnotes=&nbsp;(2018)<ref>{{cite book |url = http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition |last=Cox|first=W. |publisher=Demographia|year=2018|isbn=|location=St. Louis|page=22|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>|coordinates={{coord|39|54|24|N|116|23|51|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-11|display=it}}|coor_pinpoint=[[Lapangan Tiananmen]]|subdivision_type=Negara|subdivision_name={{flag|Tiongkok}}|established_title=Didirikan|established_date=1045 SM ([[Dinasti Zhou]])|parts_type=Divisi<ref name="hist">{{cite web |title=Township divisions |url= http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Government/Administration_region/t930369.htm |website = ebeijing.gov.cn |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903193329/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Government/Administration_region/t930369.htm |archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><br />&nbsp;– [[Kabupaten di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tingkat county]]<br />&nbsp;– [[Daerah administrasi kota praja]]|parts=<br />[[Daftar pembagian administratif Beijing|16 distrik]]<br />289 [[kota praja, Tiongkok|kota praja]] dan [[desa, Tiongkok|desa]]|government_type=[[Munisipalitas yang dikelola langsung di Tiongkok|Munisipalitas]]|leader_title=[[Sekretaris Komite Partai]]|leader_name=[[Cai Qi]]|leader_title1=Wali kota|leader_name1=[[Chen Jining]]|total_type=Munisipalitas|area_footnotes=<ref name=mofcom>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url = http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=26 May 2014  }}</ref>|area_total_km2=16410.5|area_urban_km2=4144|area_rural_km2=12266.5|elevation_m=43.5|population_total=21893095|population_as_of=2020|population_footnotes=<ref name="bulletin2018">{{cite web |url= http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/zxfb/201901/t20190123_415558.html |title= Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing |publisher= Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics |language = en |date= 23 January 2019 |access-date= 24 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190123121721/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/zxfb/201901/t20190123_415558.html |archive-date= 23 January 2019 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref>|population_density_km2=auto|population_urban=21450000|population_urban_footnotes=&nbsp;(2018)<ref>{{cite book |url = http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=W. |publisher=Demographia|year=2018|isbn=|location=St. Louis|page=22|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_metro=24000000|population_metro_footnotes=&nbsp;(2017)<ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book|doi=10.1787/9789264230040-en|title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|page=37|website=OECD iLibrary|language=en|year=2015|issn=2306-9341|isbn=978-92-64-23003-3|series=OECD Urban Policy Reviews|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327210032/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live}}Linked from the OECD [http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044027/http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm |date=9 December 2017 }}</ref>|population_blank1_title=Peringkat di Tiongkok|population_blank1=Populasi: [[Daftar divisi administrasi Tiongkok berdasarkan populasi|ke-27]];<br />Kepadatan: [[Provinsi di Tiongkok|ke-4]]|population_demonym=<!--Don't restore Beijinger without cite. See talk page-->|demographics_type1=Utama [[Daftar suku di Tiongkok|Suku utama]]|demographics1_title1=[[Suku Han|Han]]|demographics1_info5=0.7%|postal_code_type=[[Kode pos Tiongkok|Kode pos]]|postal_code='''1000'''00–'''1026'''29|area_code=[[Nomor telepon di Tiongkok|10]]|iso_code=[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-BJ]]|blank_name_sec1=[[PDB]] (nominal)<ref name="data2018-2019">GDP-2019 is a preliminary data, and  GDP-2018  is a revision based on the 2018 CASEN: {{cite press_release| url=http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102| title=Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province| publisher=China NBS| date=15 April 2020| accessdate=15 April 2020}} {{Cite web |url=http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330081935/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102 |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>|blank_info_sec1=2020|blank1_name_sec1=&nbsp;- Total|blank1_info_sec1=¥3,6 triliun<br />$553,9 miliar<br />$1.011 triliun ([[Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja|KKB]])<br />([[Daftar divisi administrasi Tiongkok menurut PDB|ke-12]])|blank_name_sec2='''Pohon khas kota'''|blank_info_sec2=[[Platycladus|Arborvitae oriental]] (''Platycladus orientalis'')|blank1_name_sec2=&nbsp;|blank1_info_sec2=[[Styphnolobium|Pohon pagoda]] (''Sophora japonica'')|website=[https://english.beijing.gov.cn/&#124;beijing.gov.cn]|footnotes=|leader_title2=Ketua Kongres|leader_name2=[[Li Wei (politisi)|Li Wei]]|leader_title3=Ketua Konferensi|leader_name3=[[Ji Lin]]|demographics1_info1=95%|demographics1_title2=[[Suku Manchu|Manchu]]|demographics1_info2=2%|demographics1_title3=[[Suku Hui|Hui]]|demographics1_info3=2%|demographics1_title4=[[Suku Mongol|Mongol]]|demographics1_info4=0.3%|demographics1_title5=Lainnya|timezone=[[Waktu Standar Tiongkok]]|utc_offset=+8|blank2_name_sec1=&nbsp;– Per kapita|blank2_info_sec1=¥162.257<br />$23.521<br />$46.433([[Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja|KKB]]) ([[Daftar divisi administrasi Tiongkok menurut PDB per kapita|nomor 1]])|blank3_name_sec1=&nbsp;– Pertumbuhan PDB|blank3_info_sec1={{increase}} 6.6%|blank4_name_sec1=[[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia|IPM]] (2018)|blank4_info_sec1=0.894<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Subnational Human Development Index|year=2020|publisher=Global Data Lab China|accessdate=9 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|dead-url=no}}</ref> ([[Daftar divisi administrasi Tiongkok berdasarkan IPM|nomor 1]]) – <span style="color:#090;">sangat tinggi</span>|blank5_name_sec1=[[Pelat registrasi kendaraan di Tiongkok|Pelat nomor kendaraan]]|blank5_info_sec1={{lang|zh-cn|京A, C, E, F, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, Y}}<br />{{lang|zh-cn|京B}} (taksi)<br />{{lang|zh-cn|京G}} (di luar [[kawasan perkotaan|daerah urban]])<br />{{lang|zh-cn|京O, D}} (polisi dan otoritas)|blank6_name_sec1=Singkatan|blank6_info_sec1=BJ / {{zh|c={{linktext|京}} |labels=no}} (jīng)|blank2_name_sec2='''Bunga khas kota'''|blank2_info_sec2=[[Mawar Tiongkok]] (''Rosa chinensis'')|blank3_name_sec2=&nbsp;|blank3_info_sec2=[[Seruni]] (''Chrysanthemum morifolium'')}}'''Beijing''' ({{IPAc-en|,|b|eɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{Respell|BAY|JING}}{{small|pengucapan dalam [[bahasa Mandarin]]:}} {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Beijing pronunciation.ogg|b|ei|3|.|j|ing|1}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Beijing|title=Beijing|website=Merriam-Webster.com|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829115017/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Beijing|archive-date=29 August 2017|access-date=23/9/2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="longman">{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>, [[:id:Peromawian_pos_Tiongkok|romanisasi alternatif]] ditulis '''Peking<ref>{{citation|title=China Postal Album: Showing the Postal Establishments and Postal Routes in Each Province, ''1st ed.''|location=Shanghai|publisher=Directorate General of Posts|date=1907}}</ref>''' ({{IPAc-en|,|p|eɪ|'|k|I|N}} {{Respell|PEY|KING}})<ref name="longman" /> adolah [[Bundo koto|ibu kota]] [[Republik Rakyaik Cino]]. Kota ko adolah pusek pamarintahan jo pambangunan nagari. Beijing marupoan salah satu [[Daftar kota gadang manuruik jumlah panduduak|kota nan paliang banyak panduduaknyo di dunia]] jo panduduak labiah dari 21 juta jiwa.<ref name="Population2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/839072.shtml|title=Beijing population reaches 21 million|website=Global Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519090917/http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/839072.shtml|archive-date=2016-05-19|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Kota metropolis nan talatak di utara Cino ko marupoan [[Kotamadya nan diadministrasi langsuang di Cino .|kotamadya di bawah kendali langsuang]] pamarintah pusek Cino nan tadiri dari [[Daftar pambagian pamarintahan Beijing|16 daerah perkotaan, pinggiran kota jo kabupaten padusunan]].<ref name="figures">Figures based on 2006 statistics published in 2007 National Statistical Yearbook of China and available online at [http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm 2006年中国乡村人口数 中国人口与发展研究中心] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163630/http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm archive]). Retrieved 21 April 2009.</ref> Munisipalitas Beijing dikuliliangi dek [[Provinsi di Cino .|provinsi]] [[Hebei]] kacuali bagian tenggara nan badakek-an jo [[Kotamadya nan diadministrasi langsuang di Cino .|kotamadya]] [[Tianjin]]. Katigo [[Pambagian pamarintahan Cino|pambagian pamarintahan]] iko (Beijing, Tianjin jo Hebei nan sabalunnyo disabuik "provinsi Ji"''冀州, Jì Zhōu'' jo biasonyo disingkek manjadi "ji"''冀''only) basamo-samo mambantuak [[Kota Gadang|Megapolis]] [[Jing Jin|Jing-Jin-Ji]] (atau acok ditulih JJJ) sarato [[Ibukota rantau|sabuah ibu kota nasional wilayah]] [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]].<ref name="basic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/bjsq/jbqk/|title=Basic Information|publisher=Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313225759/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/esite/bjsq/jbqk/|archive-date=2012-03-13|dead-url=yes|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref>

Sabagai [[Kota Gadang|kota gadang]], Beijing marupoan kota tagadang kaduo di Cino sasudah [[Shanghai]] dalam hal [[Daftar kota di Cino manuruik jumlah panduduak|panduduak kota]], salain itu, Beijing marupoan pusek politik, [[Budaya Cino|budayo]] jo pandidikan nasional.<ref name="columbia encyclopedia2">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Beijing|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Beijing.aspx|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]|edition=6th|year=2008|access-date=23/9/2024|archive-date=2010-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212121906/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Beijing.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beijing adolah markas dari ampek lembaga kauangan tagadang di dunia jo babagai parusahaan [[Daftar parusahaan Cino tagadang .|BUMN gadang Cino]] sarato marupoan tampek sajumlah parusahaan bakalas dunia nan tamasuak dalam daftar tahunan [[Untuang dunia 500|Fortune Global 500]]. Beijing juo marupoan [[Angkutan di Beijing|pusek utamo]] dari [[Jalan Raya Nasional Cino di Beijing|jalan ekspres nagara]], [[Jalan ekspres nan dikendalikan Beijing|jalan ekspres nan dikendalikan]], [[Angkutan kareta api di Cino|kareta api]] jo jaringan [[Kereta api kecepatan tinggi di Cino .|kareta api bakacepatan tinggi]]. [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Beijing]] alah manjadi [[Bandara paliang rami di dunia manuruik lalu lintas panumpang|bandara paliang sibuk kaduo di dunia badasarkan lalu lintas panumpang]] sajak 2010<ref name="ACI aero">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date|title=Year to date Passenger Traffic|date=23 June 2014|publisher=[[Airports Council International]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129021001/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date|archive-date=29 January 2017|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> dan [[kareta bawah tanah Beijing]] marupoan jaringan kareta bawah tanah [[Daftar jaringan metro|paliang sibuk]] jo [[Daftar jaringan metro|paliang panjang di dunia]] pado 2016.

Jo kombinasi [[Beijing|arsitektur]] modern jo tradisional, Beijing marupoan [[Daftar kota tatuo nan masih taruih manaruih dihuni|salah satu kota tatuo di dunia]], kayo jo khazanah [[Sejarah Beijing|sajarah]] nan bamulo tigo milenium. Sabagai nan tarakhia dari [[Ibukota kuno di Cino .|Ampek Ibu Kota Kuno Cino]], Beijing alah manjadi pusek politik Cino salamo lapan abaik tarakhia<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Peking (Beijing)|edition=[[Encyclopædia Britannica#Edition summary|15th edition]], ''[[Macropædia]]''}}</ref> dan marupoan [[Daftar kota-kota tagadang dalam sajarah|kota tagadang di dunia manuruik panduduak]] salamo sabagian gadang [[Milenium ka-2|milenium kaduo]].<ref name="Top Ten Cities By Population Throughout History">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/top_ten_cities_through_history.php|title=Top Ten Cities Through History|publisher=things made unthinkable|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104234444/http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/top_ten_cities_through_history.php|archive-date=4 January 2013|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> ''[[Ensiklopedia Inggirih|Ensiklopædia Britannica]]'' mancataik baso "saketek kota di dunia nan alah manjadi pusek politik jo budayo salamo itu dari wilayah nan sagadang Cino".<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing|title=Beijing|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Encyclopædia Britannica Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622194204/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing|archive-date=22 June 2008|accessdate=23/9/2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Jo gunuang-gunuang nan mangaliliangi kota di tigo sisi jo [[Benteng kota Beijing|dindiang kota dalam jo lua]], Beijing diposisikan sacaro baiak untuak manjadi tampek tingga [[Kaisar Cino|kaisar]] jo lokasi nan samparono sabagai ibu kota kaisar. Kota ko tanamo jo istano, kuil, taman, kabun, makam, [[Benteng kota Beijing|dindiang jo gerbangnyo]] nan mewah.<ref name="world book">{{Cite web|url=http://worldbookonline.com/wb/Login?ed=wb|title=Beijing|website=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]. 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519232539/http://worldbookonline.com/wb/Login?ed=wb|archive-date=19 May 2008|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Beijing mampunyoi [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Cino .|tujuah]] [[Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] yaitu [[Kota Talarang|Kota Terlarang]], [[Tian Tan|Kuil Langik]], [[Yihe Yuan|Istana Musim Panas]], [[Makam Dinasti Ming]], [[Urang Zhoukod|Zhoukoudian]] jo sabagian dari [[Tembok Gadang|Tembok Besar]] jo [[Tarusan Gadang|Terusan Gadang]] - nan kasadonyo marupoan situs wisata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beijingww.qianlong.com/1470/2014/08/18/Zt290@228841.htm|title=|date=18 August 2014|website=qianlong.com|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:走进北京七大世界文化遗产 – 千龙网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035045/http://beijingww.qianlong.com/1470/2014/08/18/Zt290@228841.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> [[Siheyuan]], gaya parumahan jo [[hutong]] tradisional Cino jo gang-gangnyo nan sampik marupoan objek wisata utamo jo populer di kota Beijing.

Banyak dari [[Daftar paguruan tinggi jo paguruan tinggi di Beijing .|91 universitas Beijing]] sacaro konsisten barado di antaro nan paliang baiak di Asia-Pasifik jo dunia.<ref name="Beijing's Universities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaokao.com/e/20150522/555e867ac971b.shtml|title=|date=22 May 2015|publisher=gaokao.com|script-title=zh:2015年北京市高校名单（共91所）|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185436/http://www.gaokao.com/e/20150522/555e867ac971b.shtml|archive-date=30 November 2016|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/beijing|title=Top 10 institutions in Beijing|website=www.natureindex.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920182600/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/beijing|archive-date=2020-09-20|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=beijing|title=US News Best Global Universities in Beijing|website=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106123931/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=beijing|archive-date=2020-11-06|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Beijing marupoan tampek duo universitas anggota [[9 Liga Universitas|Liga 9 Universitas,]] iyolah [[Universitas Tsinghua]] jo [[Paguruan Tinggi Peking|Universitas Peking]], nan tamasuak universitas tabaiak di Asia-Pasifik jo [[Nagari bakambang|nagara-nagara bakambang]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/regional-ranking|title=Asia University Rankings|date=2020-05-28|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604055001/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/regional-ranking|archive-date=2020-06-04|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/emerging-economies-university-rankings|title=Emerging Economies|date=2020-01-22|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220042605/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/emerging-economies-university-rankings|archive-date=2020-02-20|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> [[Distrik bisnis nan terpadu di Beijing|CBD Beijing]] marupoan pusek [[Ekonomi Beijing|ekspansi ekonomi Beijing]], jo [[Daftar bangunan tatinggi di Beijing .|banyak gedung pancakar langik]] nan sadang dibangun atau baru salasai. Kawasan [[Zhongguancun]] Beijing marupoan pusek inovasi ilmiah jo teknologi sarato wirausaha nan takamuko di dunia. Beijing alah mandapek paringkat kota [[Daftar kota badasarkan hasil ilmiah|No.1]] di dunia dalam hal kaluaran panalitian ilmiah tagadang dek ''[[Indeks Alam]]'' sajak daftar paringkat dibuek pado 2016.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Jia|first=Hepeng|date=2020-09-19|title=Beijing, the seat of science capital|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=585|issue=7826|pages=S52–S54|bibcode=2020Natur.585S..52J|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02577-x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2020/09/25/beijing-defends-its-title-worlds-top-city-scientific-research|title=Beijing Defends its Title as World's Top City for Scientific Research|last=jknotts|date=2020-09-25|website=www.thebeijinger.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927011316/https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2020/09/25/beijing-defends-its-title-worlds-top-city-scientific-research|archive-date=2020-09-27|dead-url=no|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Kota ko juo alah manjadi tuan rumah banyak acara olahraga internasional jo nasional, nan paliang tanamo adolah [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008]] jo [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2008]]. Beijing akan manjadi kota partamo nan manjadi tuan rumah duo musim Olimpiade yaitu [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008]] jo [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2022]] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/olympics/winter-olympics/2022/1016809-beijing-and-zhangjiakou-launch-a-joint-bid-to-host-the-2022-winter-olympic-games|title=Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games|website=insidethegames.biz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105154638/http://www.insidethegames.biz/olympics/winter-olympics/2022/1016809-beijing-and-zhangjiakou-launch-a-joint-bid-to-host-the-2022-winter-olympic-games|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> sarato [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2008]] jo [[Paralimpiade Musim Dingin 2022]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/07/31/ioc-awards-2022-winter-olympics-to-beijing/|title=IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715143645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/07/31/ioc-awards-2022-winter-olympics-to-beijing/|archive-date=15 July 2017|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Di Beijing ado [[Daftar misi diplomatik di Cino .|175 kadutaan asing]] sarato markas gadang banyak organisasi gadang, sarupo [[Bank Investasi Infrastruktur Asia .|Bank Investasi Infrastruktur Asia]], [[Organisasi Karajo Samo|Organisasi Karajo Samo Shanghai]], [[Dana Jalan Sutera|Dana Jalan Sutra]], [[Akademi Sains Cino|Akademi Ilmu Cino]], [[Akademi Ilmu Sosial Cino]] jo [[Palang Merah Cino|Cino Palang Merah]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/07/31/ioc-awards-2022-winter-olympics-to-beijing/|title=IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715143645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/07/31/ioc-awards-2022-winter-olympics-to-beijing/|archive-date=15 July 2017|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref>

== Etimologi ==
Salamo labiah dari 3000 taun, Beijing punyo [[namo Beijing|babagai namo lain]]. "Beijing" bararti "ibu kota utara" (dari [[aksara Han]]{{Lang|zh|北}} aratinyo ''utara'' jo{{Lang|zh|京}} aratinyo ''ibu kota'' ) nan digunokan sabagai namo kota pado taun 1403 pado maso [[Dinasti Ming]] untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Nanjing]] ("ibu kota selatan").<ref name="minggov">{{Cite journal|last=Hucker|first=Charles O.|date=1958|title=Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2718619|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=21|pages=1–66|doi=10.2307/2718619|issn=0073-0548}}</ref> 

Ejaan dalam [[bahaso Inggirih]] didasarkan pado [[Romanisasi aksara Han|romanisasi]] [[Hanyu Pinyin|pinyin]] dari kaduo huruf tasabuik sarupo nan diucapkan dalam [[Putonghua|bahaso Mandarin standar]]. Ejaan bahaso Inggirih nan labiah tuo, '''Peking''', adolah [[Romanisasi Pos Cino|romanisasi pos]] dari duo huruf nan samo jo nan ditutuakan dalam [[Daftar ragam bahaso di Cino .|dialek lokal bahaso]] nan ditutuakan di kota-kota palabuahan Cino selatan tampek padagang jo [[Zeonaris|misionaris]] Eropa partamo kali bakunjuang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane Harris|year=2008|title=A 'Lasting Boon to All': A Note on the Postal Romanization of Place Names, 1896–1949|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tcc/summary/v034/34.1.harris.html|journal=Twentieth Century China|volume=34|issue=1|pages=96–109|doi=10.1353/tcc.0.0007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005145921/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tcc/summary/v034/34.1.harris.html|archive-date=2015-10-05|access-date=23/9/2024}}</ref> Dialek-dialek iko mampatahankan pelafalan [[Bahaso Cino Tangah|Cino Tangah]] dari aksara{{Lang|zh|京}}</link> nan diucapkan ''kjaeng'',<ref name="BaxSag">Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. ''{{PDFlink|1=[http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction]|2=1.93&nbsp;MB}}'', p. 63. 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011. {{Webarchive}}</ref> sabalun tajadi pergeseran fonetik pado dialek utara ka pelafalan kini.<ref name="auto">Coblin, W. South. "A Brief History of Mandarin". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 120, no. 4 (2000): 537–52.</ref>

Singkatan [[Naskah Han|aksara Han]] tungga untuak Beijing adolah京as tatulih pado [[Plat nomor kendaraan di Cino .|plat nomor kandaraan]] di kota ko. [[Pamarentahan Standarisasi Cino|Singkatan]] [[Abjad latin|abjad Latin]] rasmi untuak Beijing adolah "BJ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chgis.fairbank.fas.harvard.edu/|title=CHGIS|website=chgis.fairbank.fas.harvard.edu|access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref>

Walaupun Peking indak lai marupokan namo umum untuak kota ko dan samakin kurang digunoan, babarapo lokasi lamo jo fasilitas kota sarupo [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Beijing]] manggunoan [[Kode bandara IATA|kode IATA]] "PEK" jo [[Paguruan Tinggi Peking|Universitas Peking]], masih manggunoan kato Peking.

Kato jo tulisan Peking barasa dari misionaris [[Parancih]] ampek ratuih taun nan lalu manuruik lafal nan labiah tuo, mandahului parubahan bunyi barikuiknyo dalam [[bahaso Mandarin]] dari [kʲ] manjadi [tɕ].<ref name="auto2">Coblin, W. South. "A Brief History of Mandarin". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 120, no. 4 (2000): 537–52.</ref> [tɕ] diwakili dalam [[Hanyu Pinyin|bahaso Pinyin]] sabagai '''j''' sarupo dalam bahaso Bei '''j''' ing.

Kota Beijing alah mangalami babarapo parubahan namo. Pado maso [[Dinasti Jin (1115-1234)|Dinasti Jin]] disabuik '''Zhongdu''' (中都) kamudian di bawah [[Dinasti Yuan]] Mongol disabuik '''Dadu''' () dalam [[bahaso Mandarin]]<ref>{{harvnb|Li|Dray-Novey|Kong|2007|p=7}}</ref> atau '''Daidu''' manuruik ucapan [[Urang Mongol|Mongol]].<ref>Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.</ref> Salain dari itu, dikana juo jo namo Mongolia '''Khanbaliq''' (汗八里) nan dieja jo ditulih '''Cambuluc''' dalam catatan [[Marco Polo]]. Duo kali dalam sijarah kota iko, namonyo diubah dari Beijing (Peking) manjadi '''Beiping''' (Peiping) (北平; Pinyin: Běipíng; [[Wade-Gile|Wade-Giles]] : Pei-p'ing), [[Sacaro harfiah|sacaro harafiah]] "Damai Utara". Parubahan partamo tajadi di bawah [[Kaisar Hongwu]] dari [[Dinasti Ming]], diikuti pado taun 1928 dek pamarintahan [[Kuomintang]] [[Taiwan|Republik Cino]]. 

Dalam babarapo kasus, namo iko diubah jo maapuih huruf 京 ( ''jing'' atau ''rajo'' ) nan bararti "ibukota", untuak manunjuakan baso ibukota nasional alah pindah ka [[Nanjing]]. Namo kota ko juo barubah duo kali dari Beiping (Peiping) manjadi Beijing (Peking), partamo kalinyo di bawah [[Kaisar Yongle]] dari [[Dinasti Ming]] nan mamindahan ibu kota dari Nanjing ka Beijing dan kaduo kalinyo pado taun 1949 katiko [[Partai Komunis Cino]] manjadian Beijing sabagai ibu kota dari Cino sasudah pandirian [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Republik Rakyat Cino]]. 

== Sijarah ==

=== Sijarah awal ===


Jajak partamo pamukiman manusia paliang awal di kota Beijing ditamukan dalam gua-gua di [[Urang Zhoukod|Bukik Tulang Naga]] dakek kampuang [[Urang Zhoukod|Zhoukoudian]] di [[Kabupaten Fangshan|distrik Fangshan]], tampek [[Urang Peking|Manusia Peking]] pernah tingga. Fosil ''[[Homo tagak|Homo erectus]]'' nan ditamukan di guo-guo ko bausia sakitar 230.000 inggo 250.000 taun nan lalu. ''[[Manusia|Homo sapiens]]'' zaman [[Paleolitik]] juo tadapek di sinan dan dipakiroan sakitar 27.000 taun nan lalu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/beijing|title=Beijing|date=17 Mei 2019|website=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224630/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/beijing|archive-date=2020-07-29|dead-url=no|access-date=25/9/2024}}</ref> [[Arkeolog|Para arkeolog]] alah manamukan pamukiman [[Zaman Batu Baru|zaman neolitik]] di saluruah kota, tamasuak di Wangfujing di Beijing tangah.{{Citation needed}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan|paralu rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup>

[[Parancanaan kota Cino kuno|Kota partamo nan batembok]] di Beijing adolah [[Jijeng (Beijing)|Jicheng]], ibu kota [[Ji (nagari)|nagara bagian Ji]] nan dibangun pado taun 1045 SM. Kini ko Jicheng talatak sakitar daerah [[Guang'anmen]], di selatan [[Kabupaten Xicheng]].<ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite web|url=http://china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/30785.htm|title=Beijing's History|publisher=China Internet Information Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501152800/http://www1.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/30785.htm|archive-date=1 May 2008|access-date=25/9/2024}}</ref> Pamukiman iko kudian ditaklukkan dek [[Yan (nagari)|nagara Yan]] dan digunoan sabagai ibu kotanyo.<ref>Haw, Stephen. ''Beijing: A Concise History''. Routledge, 2007. p. 136.</ref>
[[Berkas:Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pagoda Tianning dibangun sekitar 1120 pada masa Dinasti Liao.]]

=== Kakaisaran cino awal ===
Sasudah [[Qin Shi Huang|Kaisar Patamo]] [[Parang panyatuan Qin|manyatukan Cino]], Jicheng manjadi [[Zhou (bagian nagari)|ibu kota prefektur]] wilayah tasabuik.  Salamo [[Zaman Karajaan Nan Tigo .|Periode Tigo Karajaan]], Jicheng diadministrasi dek [[Gongsun Zan]] jo [[Yuan Shao]] sabalun jatuah ka [[Cao Cao]] dari [[Cao Wei|Karajaan Wei]]. Pado abaik ka-3, [[Dinasti Jin (265-420)|Jin Barat]] manurunkan status kota Jicheng manjadi tatangga [[Prefektur Zhou|Zhuozhou,]] nan manjadi ibu kota.{{Citation needed}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan|paralu rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup>

Salamo maso [[Karajaan Anam Baleh]] katiko Cino utara ditaklukkan jo dibagi dek [[Wu Hu]], Jicheng untuak samantaro manjadi ibu kota bangso [[Xianbei]] salamo karajaan [[Awal Yan|Yan Awal]].<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book|last=Grousset|first=Rene|title=The Empire of the Steppes|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/58 58]}}</ref>

Sasudah Cino disatukan baliak pado maso [[Dinasti Sui]], Jicheng manjadi kabupaten [[Komando Zhuo]] di ujuang utara [[Tarusan Gadang|Terusan Gadang]]. Pado maso [[Dinasti Tang]], Jicheng manjadi [[Sanak Prefektur|Prefektur You]], nan bafungsi sabagai pusek komando militer di pabatasan. Salamo [[Pambarontakan Shi|Pemberontakan An Shi]] pado akhia Dinasti Tang, panglima-panglima militer satampek mandirian dinastinyo surang nan indak lamo dan maubah namo kota Jincheng [[Jijeng (Beijing)|Yanjing]] atau "Ibukota Yan". Pado taun 938, salapeh runtuahnyo Dinasti Tang, [[Beko Jin (Limo Dinasti)|Jin Kudian]] manyarahkan [[Anam baleh Prefektur|saluruah bateh utara]] kapado [[Suku Khitan|Khitan]], [[Ryo (dinasti Cino)|Dinasti Liao]] nan manganggap kota iko sabagai [[Nanjing (dinasti Liao)|Nanjing]] atau "Ibu Kota Selatan", salah satu dari ampek ibu kota sekunder nan malangkapi [[Suku Khitan|Khitan]] "Ibu Kota Gadang". dari Shangjing (kini disabuik [[Panduang Kiri Bairin .|Spanduk Bairin Kiri]] di [[Mongolia Dalam]]). Babarapo [[Daftar pagoda di Beijing .|bangunan lamo nan masih ado di Beijing]] barasa dari maso [[Ryo (dinasti Cino)|Dinasti Liao]] tamasuak [[Kuil Tianning (Beijing)|Pagoda Tianning]].{{Citation needed}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan|paralu rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup>

[[Ryo (dinasti Cino)|Dinasti Liao]] diguliangan dek [[Dinasti Jin (1115-1234)|Dinasti Jurchen Jin]] pado taun 1122 nan pado mulonyo maagiahan kota Jicheng kapado [[Lagu Dinasti|Dinasti Song]] tapi kota ko dirabuik baliak pado taun 1125 dalam [[Parang Jin-Lagu|panakluakan Cino utara]]. Pado taun 1153, Jurchen Jin manjadian Jicheng sabagai "Ibu Kota Pusek" atau disabuik [[Zhongdu]]. [[Kakaisaran Mongol|Pasukan Mongolia]] [[Jenghis Khan]] mangapuang kota Jicheng salamo invasi pado taun 1213 jo Jicheng [[Patempuran Zhongdu|dihancuakan sampai tanah]] duo taun kamudian.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=Beijing – Historical Background|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findstory.cfm?city_id=BJS&folder=Facts-History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522144445/http://www.economist.com/cities/findstory.cfm?city_id=BJS&folder=Facts-History|archive-date=22 May 2007|work=The Economist|year=2007}}</ref>

Sasudah duo generasi balalu, [[Kublai Khan]] mamarentahkan pambangunan [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] (大都, [[Sacaro harfiah|sacaro harafiah]] "kota gadang", [[urang Mongol]] manyabuiknyo Daidu, umumnyo disabuik [[Khanbaliq]] dan dalam catatan [[Marco Polo]] ditulih "Cambuluc") nan manjadi [[Dinasti Yuan|ibu]] kota baru [[Dinasti Yuan]] di timur laut bekas reruntuhan [[Zhongdu]]. Pambangunan balangsuang dari taun 1264 inggo 1293<ref name="economist22">{{Cite news|title=Beijing – Historical Background|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findstory.cfm?city_id=BJS&folder=Facts-History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522144445/http://www.economist.com/cities/findstory.cfm?city_id=BJS&folder=Facts-History|archive-date=22 May 2007|work=The Economist|year=2007}}</ref><ref>Brian Hook, ''Beijing and Tianjin: Towards a Millennial Megalopolis'', p. 2</ref> jo mampunyoi dampak positif pado pambangunan kota-kota di pinggiran utara [[Cino sabananyo .|Cino Dalam]]. Lokasi kota Dadu bapusat di [[Gandang jo lonceng .|Gulou]], saketek di utara pusek kota Beijing kini, tabantang dari [[Jalan Chang'an|Chang'an Adimarga]] inggo bagian utara [[Jalur 10, Kereta Bawah Tanah Beijing]]. Siso-siso dindiang Yuan nan tabuek dari [[Tanah nan dikompres|tanah takompresi]] masih ado sampai kini dan disabuik "Tucheng" (土城, [[sacaro harfiah]] "dindiang bumi").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tuniu.com/places/17645|website=Tuniu.com|language=zh|script-title=zh:元大都土城遗址公园|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205205807/http://www.tuniu.com/places/17645|archive-date=5 February 2009|access-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> 

== Rujuakan ==
[[Kategori:Cino]]
<references />{{Rancangan}}