Riyadh
Riyadh adolah ibu kota jo kota tagadang nagara Arab Saudi nan talatak di tangah gurun an-Nafud, di bagian timur dataran tinggi Najd.[1] Kota ko marupokan kota tagadang di Jazirah Arab. Pado tahun 2022, Riyadh mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 7 juta jiwa, manjadiannyo kota tapadek di Arab Saudi jo tapadek ka-3 di Timur Tangah, sarato tapadek ka-38 di Asia.[2] Kota ko manjadi pusek pamarentahan jo politik nagara.
Salamo maso pra-Islam, kota ko banamo Hajr jo dipakiroan dibantuak dek suku Bani Hanifah.[3][4] Panyabuikan patamo kota ko jo namo Riyadh adolah pado tahun 1590, dek surang panulih sijarah Arab.[5] Pado tahun 1745, Dahham bin Dawwas, marabuik kota ko jo mambangun istano bata luluak jo tembok di sakaliliangnyo, jo sumber namo Riyadh nan paliang takenal baasa dari maso iko.[6] Kota ko manjadi ibu kota nagara Arab Saudi katiko Rajo Abdulaziz bin Saud mandirian nagara tu pado tahun 1932.[7]
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Gardham, Richard (2022-12-28). "The largest cities in Saudi Arabia (and their investment strengths)". Investment Monitor (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-04-16.
- ↑ "هيئة تطوير مدينة الرياض توافق على طلبات مطورين لإنشاء 4 مشاريع سياحية وترفيهية" (dalam bahasa Arab). 4 April 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 24 May 2019.
- ↑ Sonbol 2012, hlm. 99.
- ↑ "al-hakawati - Riyadh". al-hakawati.net. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-16.
- ↑ Cybriwsky 2013, hlm. 258.
- ↑ Al-Oteibi 1993, hlm. 163.
- ↑ Facey 1992, hlm. 271.
Bibliografi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Craze, Joshua (2009). The Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Challenge of the 21st Century. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-897-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tkqzb-k7qGYC&pg=PA41.
- Cybriwsky, Roman A. (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258.
- Elsheshtawy, Yasser (27 May 2008). The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12821-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=O8Zz-2AtuIwC&pg=PA124.
- Facey, William (1 January 1992). Riyadh, the Old City: From Its Origins Until the 1950s. Immel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-907151-32-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=dITBAAAAIAAJ.
- Farsy, Fouad (1990). Modernity and Tradition: The Saudi Equation. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7103-0395-0. https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars.
- Ham, Anthony (2004). Saudi Arabia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-667-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA81.
- Saud Al-Oteibi; Allen G. Noble; Frank J. Costa (February 1993). "The Impact of Planning on Growth and Development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1970-1990". GeoJournal. 29 (2): 163. Bibcode:1993GeoJo..29..163A. doi:10.1007/BF00812813.
- Menoret, Pascal (2014). Joyriding in Riyadh: Oil, Urbanism and Road Revolt. Cambridge University Press.
- Jordan, Craig (2011). The Travelling Triathlete: A Middle – Aged Man's Journey to Fitness. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4670-0081-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=6loHxdxxqBEC&pg=PA88.
- Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (3 August 2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&pg=PA605.
- Sonbol, Amira (29 March 2012). Gulf Women (edisi ke-English). Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing. ISBN 978-99921-94-84-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=a2BtIjMscqcC&pg=PT99.