Paradaban Lambah Sungai Indus

Lokasi kota-kota kuno di Lambah Sungai Indus .

Paradaban Lambah Sungai Indus

Jangkauan geografis	Asia Selatan
Pariode	Zaman Perunggu
Wakatu	lk. 3300 – kr. 1700 BCE
Bamulo dek	Mehrgarh
Balanjuik dek	Periode Weda

Paradaban Indus, 2800 SM – 1800 SM adolah paradaban kuno nan tingga di sapanjang Sungai Indus. Sungai Indus adolah sabuah sungai gadang nan kini mambantuak wilayah Pakistan jo India bagian barat . Paradaban iko disabuik juo sabagai paradaban nan bapusat di kota Mohenjo Daro jo Harrapa.

Runtuahnyo paradaban iko dipakiroan disababkan dek Sungai Saraswati Veda nan mangalami galodo sakitar akhia 1900 SM dek tingkek radiasi matoari nan tinggi nan mampangaruahi curah hujan di sakitar lambah.

Para arkeolog alah mangungkapkan baso paradaban Lambah Indus adolah paradaban kuno nan paliang laweh nan ditamuan sasudah situs-situs Mesopotamia jo Mesir. Pado taun 1980, paradaban Lambah Indus dinyatoan sabagai Situs Warisan Dunia dek UNESCO. Archived 2006-05-07 di Wayback Machine.

Masyarakaik

Urang Dravidia atau panutua bahaso Proto-Dravidian (niniak muyang bahaso Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, jo Malayalam) nan dipakiroan mandirian kota kuno ko masih manjadi pakaro padebatan di kalangan para arkeolog. Riwayaik mareka indak dapek ditelusuri sampai kini. Bahaso jo aksara mareka dalam artefak nan ditamukan masih ado saketek sajo nan dapek diuraikan sampai kini.

Nan unik, di kota ko, indak ado bangunan untuak kagiatan kaagamoan jo tando-tando sistem kasta sarupo kuil jo tugu-tugu gadang jo megah nan ditamuan. Hal iko mambuek para panaliti baspekulasi baso urang Mohenjo Daro jo Harappa adolah paradaban nan iduik sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado sains (alah maninggaan praktek-praktek agamo) jo mampunyoi filsafat iduik nan tinggi (sarupo nan tampak dari indak adonyo sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial).

Badasakan siso-siso nan ditamukan, mareka marupoan salah satu paradaban nan maju jo bukti timbangan jo ukuran nan alah punyo standar, ukiran stempel, stempel, tembikar jo alah mangatahui teknik peleburan logam sarupo timbago, parunggu, jo timah. Salain itu, Mohenjo Daro jo Harappa marupoan kota nan sangaik bakambang, banyak rumah nan punyo sumur jo kamar mandi sarato sistem saluran aia bawah tanah nan kompleks.

Runtuahnyo

Runtuahnyo paradaban ko dipakiroan disababkan dek parubahan iklim. Parubahan iklim pado maso itu manyababkan Zaman Es Ketek, nan maakibaikan musim kamarau nan labiah kariang, nan mambarikan dampak negatif pado patanian. Hal iko manyababkan urang-urang paradaban ko pindah ka kampuang-kampuang ketek di kaki bukik Himalaya . Salanjuiknyo, pado wakatu nan samo, paradaban Indo-Arya tibo, mambaok paralatan nan labiah canggih.

Dicurigai baso urang Indo-Arya manyarang komunitas Lambah Sungai Indus karano siso-siso rangka ditamukan di sakitar bekas kota nan tampaknyo manunjuakan bukti kuek tantang invasi.

Prasangko lain untuak karuntuahan paradaban ko adolah baso hal iko disababkan dek banjir karano kota ko tampaknyo baitu padek panduduaknyo dan banjir alah tajadi baulang-ulang, tapi sayangnyo bukti ko dianggap kurang kuek karano indak saluruah kota ko hancua dek banjir.

Asumsi lain adolah dek pakambangan sosial budayo dari patanian ka bidang lain, kota ko kamudian ditinggaan.

Babarapo situs utamo Paradaban Lambah Indus .

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