Kakaisaran Parthia

Kakaisaran Parthia (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai Kakaisaran Arsakid, adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di Iran kuno.^[1] Didirian dek Arsaces I sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak Seleukid,^[2]^[3] wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah Mithridates I hinggo mancakuik Media jo Mesopotamia.^[4]^[5] Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari Turki timur hinggo Afganistan jo Pakistan barat. Talatak di Jalur Sutra, Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro Kakaisaran Romawi^[6] jo Dinasti Han Cino.^[7]^[8]

Musuah awal Parthia iolah Seleukid jo banso Skit. Katiko mampalaweh wilayah ka barat, Parthia bakonflik jo Armenia sarato Romawi. Jo Romawi, Parthia basaiang untuak manguasoi Armenia, jo pernah mangalahannyo dalam Paparangan Carrhae (53 SM) sarato marabuik sabagian Syam.^[9] Walaupun Romawi malancaan sarangan baliak jo babarapo kali marabuik kota pantiang takah Seleukia jo Ctesiphon, ancaman tagadang bagi Parthia justru datang dari parang internal. Kuaso Parthia runtuah pado tahun 224 M sasudah Ardashir I mambunuah Artabanus IV jo mandirian Kakaisaran Sasaniyah.^[10] Walaupun baitu, katurunan Arsakid tetap mamarintah di Armenia jo wilayah Kaukasus.^[11]^[12]

Sumber asli Parthia sangaik tabateh dibandiangan maso Sasaniyah jo Akhemeniyah. Sijarah Parthia banyak dikatahui malalui sumber lua takah sumber Yunani, Romawi, jo Cino.^[13] Seni Parthia mambantu maungkap bidaya jo masyarakaik nan indak tacatat dalam sumber.

Referensi

↑ Waters 1974, p. 424.
↑ Brosius 2006, p. 84
↑ "roughly western Khurasan", see Bickerman 1983, p. 6.
↑ Curtis 2007, pp. 10–11; Brosius 2006, pp. 86–87; Bivar 1983, p. 34; Garthwaite 2005, p. 76;
↑ Brosius 2006, p. 86
↑ Garthwaite 2005, p. 78; Brosius 2006, pp. 122–123
↑ Ebrey 1999, p. 70; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see An 2002, pp. 79–84
↑ Howard 2012, p. 133
↑ Shahbazi 1990.
↑ Brosius 2006, p. 101; Bivar 1983, pp. 95–96; Curtis 2007, p. 14; see also Katouzian 2009, p. 44
↑ Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 ISBN 0-8276-1155-2
↑ International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 ISBN 0-7546-5740-X
↑ Ball 2016, p. 155

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[1] Waters 1974, p. 424.

[2] Brosius 2006, p. 84

[3] "roughly western Khurasan", see Bickerman 1983, p. 6.

[curtis_2007_10-11_brosius_2006_86-87_Bivar_1983_34_Garthwaite_2005_76-4] Curtis 2007, pp. 10–11; Brosius 2006, pp. 86–87; Bivar 1983, p. 34; Garthwaite 2005, p. 76;

[brosius_2006_86-5] Brosius 2006, p. 86

[6] Garthwaite 2005, p. 78; Brosius 2006, pp. 122–123

[7] Ebrey 1999, p. 70; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see An 2002, pp. 79–84

[8] Howard 2012, p. 133

[FOOTNOTEShahbazi1990-9] Shahbazi 1990.

[brosius_2006_101_bivar_1983_95-96_curtis_2007_14_katouzian_2009_44-10] Brosius 2006, p. 101; Bivar 1983, pp. 95–96; Curtis 2007, p. 14; see also Katouzian 2009, p. 44

[11] Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 ISBN 0-8276-1155-2

[12] International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 ISBN 0-7546-5740-X

[13] Ball 2016, p. 155

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